Factors Influencing Malnutrition of Children Aged 24-60 Months Old in Flores Timur, Nusa Tenggara Timur
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Abstract
Malnutrition remains a global health problem, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. This study aimed to determine factors influencing the nutritional status of children aged 24-60 months in rural communities of Flores Timur, Nusa Tenggara Timur. A cross-sectional design involving purposeful sampling was used to conduct a study in five rural villages. The sample size for the study involved 250 mothers with children aged between 24-60 months. Data collection was conducted using questionnaires with information regarding socio-demographic, dietary intakes, diseases, child care practices, and anthropometric measurement. Furthermore, a multivariate binary logistic regression was employed for the data analysis. Results from binary logistic regression revealed that energy intake (OR=8.99), protein intake (OR=6.95), the occurrence of infectious diseases (OR=6.45), the frequency of infectious diseases (OR=6.00), and age of introduction of complementary foods (OR=34.55) significantly influenced nutritional status in rural communities. Based on these findings, health workers should promote the appropriate time for giving complementary foods to children. Moreover, interventions should be made for children with an acute respiratory infection and/or diarrhea over the past six months to maintain nutritional status.
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How to Cite
Betan, Y., Hemchayat, M., & Wetasin, K. (2022). Factors Influencing Malnutrition of Children Aged 24-60 Months Old in Flores Timur, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Unnes Journal of Public Health, 11(1), 46-57. https://doi.org/10.15294/ujph.v11i1.40940
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Chang, S.M., Walker, S.P. & Christine, S.G. 2010. Early Childhood Stunting and Later Fine Motor Abilities. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 52 (9): 831–836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03640.x
Cheah, W., Manan, W.W.A., Zabidi-Hussin, Z. & Chang, C. 2009. Development of a Questionnaire for the Study of Malnutrition among Children in Rural Kelantan, Malaysia. Rural and Remote Health, 9 (3): 1155. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19705956/
Dangour, A.D., Watson, L., Cumming, O., Boisson, S., Che, Y., Velleman, Y., Cavill, S., Allen, E. & Uauy, R. 2013. Interventions to Improve Water Quality and Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices, and their Effects on the Nutritional Status of Children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (8). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009382.pub2
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Degarege, D., Degarege, A. & Animut, A. 2015. Undernutrition and Associated Risk Factors among School Age Children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Global Health. BMC Public Health, 15 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1714-5
Demissie, S. & Worku, A. 2013. Magnitude and Factors Associated with Malnutrition in Children 6-59 Months of Age in Pastoral Community of Dollo Ado District, Somali Region, Ethiopia. Science Journal of Public Health, 1 (4): 175. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20130104.12
Gizaw, Z. & Worku, A. 2019. Effects of Single and Combined Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Interventions on Nutritional Status of Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 45 (77): 1-14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6610930/pdf/13052_2019_Article_666.pdf
Health Research Department, Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia. 2013. National Health Survey.
Kementerian Kesehatan RI Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan. 1 Desember 2018. Hasil Utama Riset Kesehatan Dasar. Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, pp. 1–100.
Khatri, R. B., Mishra, S. R., Khanal, V. & Choulagai, B. 2015. Factors Associated with Underweight among Children of Former-Kamaiyas in Nepal. Frontiers in Public Health, 3 (11): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00011
Lian, C.W., Muda, W.A.M.W., Hussin, Z.A.M., & Thon, C.C. 2012. Factors Associated with Undernutrition among Children in a Rural dDstrict of Kelantan, Malaysia. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 24 (2): 330–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539510380737
Martins, V.J.B., Florê, T.M.M.T., Santos, C.D.L., Vieira, M.D.F.A. & Sawaya, A L. 2011. Long-Lasting Effects of Undernutrition. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8 (8): 1817–1846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8061817
Meshram, I.I., Arlappa, N., Balakrishna, N., Rao, K.M., Laxmaiah, A. & Brahmam, G.N.V. 2012. Trends in the Prevalence of Undernutrition, Nutrient & Food Intake and Predictors of Undernutrition among Under Five Year Tribal Children in India. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 21 (4): 568–576. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539512441492
Meshram, I.I., Kodavanti, M.R., Chitty, G.R., Manchala, R., Kumar, S., Kakani, S.K., Kodavalla, V., Avula, L. & Veera, B.G.N. 2015. Influence of Feeding Practices and Associated Factors on the Nutritional Status of Infants in Rural Areas of Madhya Pradesh State, India. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 27 (2): NP1345–NP1361. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539513486174
Nakamori, M., Nguyen, X.N., Nguyen, C.K., Cao, T.H., Nguyen, A.T., Le, B.M., Vu, T.T.H., Bui, T.N., Nakano, T., Yoshiike, N., Kusama, K. & Yamamoto, S. 2010. Nutritional Status, Feeding Practice and Incidence of Infectious Diseases among Children Aged 6 to 18 Months in Northern Mountainous Vietnam. Journal of Medical Investigation: JMI, 57 (2): 45–53. https://doi.org/10.2152/jmi.57.45
Odunayo, S.I. & Oyewole, A. O. 2006. Risk Factors for Malnutrition among Rural Nigerian Children. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 15 (4): 491–495. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17077064/
Rah, J.H., Cronin, A.A., Badgaiyan, B., Aguayo, V., Coates, S. & Ahmed, S. 2015. Household Sanitation and Personal Hygiene Practices are Associated with Child Stunting in Rural India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Surveys. BMJ Open, 5 (2): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005180
Rismawan, M. 2013. Predictors of Hand Washing Behavior among Fifth Grade Students of Public Elementary Schools in Bali. Thesis: Kasetsart University.
Schack-Nielsen, L., Sørensen, T.I.A., Mortensen, E.L. & Michaelsen, K.F. 2010. Late Introduction of Complementary Feeding, Rather than Duration of Breastfeeding, May Protect Against Adult Overweight. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 91 (3): 619-627. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.27078
Shrestha, A., Six, J., Dahal, D., Marks, S. & Meierhofer, R. 2020. Association of Nutrition, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices with Children’s Nutritional Status, Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Diarrhoea in Rural Nepal: a Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health, 20 (1241): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09302-3
United Nation Children’s Funds. 2015. UNICEF ’ s Approach to Scaling Up Nutrition for Mothers and Their Children. http://www.acp.int/sites/acpsec.waw.be/files/UNICEF.pdf
United Nations. 2008. Official List of MDG Indicators. United Nations. http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/RES/60/1
Victora, C.G., Adair, L., Fall, C., Hallal, P.C., Martorell, R., Richter, L. & Sachdev, H.S. 2008. Maternal and Child Undernutrition: Consequences for Adult Health and Human Capital. The Lancet, 371 (9609): 340–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61692-4
Wolde, M., Berhan, Y. & Chala, A. 2015. Determinants of Underweight, Stunting and Wasting among Schoolchildren. BMC Public Health, 15 (8): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-014-1337-2
Wong, H.J., Moy, F.M. & Nair, S. 2014. Risk Factors of Malnutrition among Preschool Children in Terengganu, Malaysia: A Case Control Study. BMC Public Health, 14 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-785
World Health Organization. March, 2015. Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/about/introduction/en/index5.html
World Health Organization. March, 2020. Child Growth Standards. Retrieved from:https://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/chts_wfa_boys_p/en/