Soil-Transmitted Helminths Infection: the Severity Levels of Anemia and Concentration Levels in Bengkulu City
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Abstract
Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) is a worm infection with a prevalence of 1.5 billion people worldwide and is mostly found in preschool and school children. Worm infection can affect the level of concentration and the quality of children's learning which results in less optimal achievement within their potential. The purpose of the research was to determine the correlation between STH infection and anemia and the level of concentration in children grades II-VI of elementary school in Kampung Melayu Sub-district, Bengkulu City. The research conducted using an analytic observational with the cross-sectional design. The research took 215 students as samples with a stratified random sampling method. Feces specimens were examined by using Kato-Katz technique. Haemoglobin levels were measured by using the POCT method and students' concentration levels were tested by using the Bourdon Vos Test. The results showed a significant relationship between STH infection with the occurrences of anemia (p = 0.001; RP = 0.225) and very weak correlation strength between STH infection with the concentration level (p = 0.014; RP = -0.167). Worm infection in preschool and school children can cause anemia and nutrition deficiency which affect their growth and development, cognitive function, concentration levels and learning achievement. Continuous education and coordination with related institutions is necessary to carry out strategies for preventing and treating worms thoroughly.
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How to Cite
Triana, D., Fadhurrohman, G., Karima, N., Sinuhaji, B., & Sudarsono, W. (2021). Soil-Transmitted Helminths Infection: the Severity Levels of Anemia and Concentration Levels in Bengkulu City. Unnes Journal of Public Health, 11(2), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.15294/ujph.v11i2.42472
References
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Arcanjo, F. P. N., Arcanjo, C. P. C. and Santos, P. R. 2016. Schoolchildren with Learning Difficulties Have Low Iron Status and High Anemia Prevalence. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2016 :1–5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7357136
Azira, N. M. S. and Zeehaida, M. 2012. Severe chronic iron deficiency anaemia secondary to Trichuris dysentery syndrome - A case report. Tropical Biomedicine, 29(4): 626–631.
Basalamah, M. F., Pateda, V. and Rampengan, N. 2014. Hubungan Infeksi Soil Transmitted Helminth Dengan Kadar Hemobglobin Anak Sekolah Dasar Gmim Buha Manado. e-CliniC, 2(1): 1–6.
Bioptik Technology, I. 2016. User Manual Easy Touch GCHb. Bioptik Technology, Inc, pp. 1–2.
Briawan, D., Adrianto, Y., Hernawati, D., Syamsir, E., Aries, M. 2012. Food Consumption , Iron Bioavailibility and Anemia Status of School Girls in Bogor District. In Prosiding Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian IPB: 219–334.
CDC. 2018. DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern. America: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Chu, B. K. Gass, K., Batcho, W., Ake, M., Darkenoo, A. M., Adjinacou, E., et al. 2014. Pilot Assessment of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in the Context of Transmission Assessment Surveys for Lymphatic Filariasis in Benin and Tonga. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(2): 1-8.
Dahlan, M. S. 2016. Besar Sampel dan Cara Pengambilan Sampel dalam Penelitian Kedokteran Kesehatan. 4th edn. Epidemiologi Indonesia.
De Gier, B. Nga Thuy, T., Winichagoon, P., Dijkhuizen, M. A., Khan, N. C., Van De Bor, M., et al. 2016. Species-specific associations between soil-transmitted helminths and micronutrients in Vietnamese schoolchildren. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95(1): 77–82. doi: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.15-0533
Duff, E. M., Anderson, N. M. and Cooper, E. S. 1999. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-1, type 1 procollagen, and serum tumor necrosis factor alpha in children recovering from Trichuris dysentery syndrome. Pediatrics, 103(5): 1–6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.103.5.e69
Ezeamama, A. E., Friedman, J. F., Acosta, L. P., Bellinger, D. C., Langdon, G. C., Manalo, D. L., et al. 2005. Helminth infection and cognitive impairment among Filipino children. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 72(5): 540–548. doi: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2005.72.540
Greig, A. J. Patterson, A. J., Collins, C. E., Chalmers, K. A. 2013. Iron deficiency, cognition, mental health and fatigue in women of childbearing age: A systematic review. Journal of Nutritional Science, 2(9): 1–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2013.7
Hedley, L. and Serafino, R. L. 2015. Helminth infections : diagnosis and treatment. The Pharmaceutical Journal, 295(7882). doi: 10.1211/PJ.2015.20069529
Julianto, E. Damanik, I. R. T., Sidabutar, E. U. B., Salim, P. J. 2018. Hubungan Infeksi Soil-Transmitted Helmints (Sth) Terhadap Kadar Hemoglobin (Hb) Pada Anak. Jurnal Kedokteran Methodist, 10(10): 735–742. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Kattula, D.Sarkar, R., Ajjampur, S. S. R., Minz, S., Levecke, B., Muliyil, J., et al. 2014. Prevalence & risk factors for soil transmitted helminth infection among school children in south India. The Indian journal of medical research, 139(1): 76–82.
Margono, S., Supali, T. and Abidin, S. 2008. Buku Ajar Parasitologi Kedokteran Dalam: Nematoda Usus. 4th edn. Edited by I. Sutanto and I. Ismid. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FK UI.
Marlina, L. and Junus W. 2012. Hubungan Pendidikan Formal , Pengetahuan Ibu dan Sosial Ekonomi Terhadap Infeksi Soil Transmitted Helminths Pada Anak Sekolah Dasar Di Kecamatan Seluma Timur Kabupaten Seluma Bengkulu. Ekologi Kesehatan, 11(1): 33–39.
Ministry of Health. 2015. Profil Kesehatan 2015, Departemen Kesehatan RI. Jakarta: Indonesia.
Ministry of Health. 2017. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 15 Tahun 2017 Tentang Penanggulangan Cacingan. Kementerian Kesehatan: 41–45.
Molla, E. and Mamo, H. 2018. Soil-transmitted helminth infections, anemia and undernutrition among schoolchildren in Yirgacheffee, South Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes. BioMed Central, 11(1): 1–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3679-9.
Ojja, S. Kisaka, S., Ediau, M., Tuhebwe, D., Kisakye, A. N., Halage, A. A., et al. 2018. Prevalence, intensity and factors associated with soil-transmitted helminths infections among preschool-age children in Hoima district, rural western Uganda. BMC Infectious Diseases, 18(1): 1–12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3289-0.
Oktaviana. 2013. Hubungan Kejadian Gizi Kurang, Anemia Gizi Besi dan GAKY dengan Prestasi Belajar. Unnes Journal of Public Health, 2(1): 1–6.
Qin, T., Yan, M., Fu, Z., Song, Y., Lu, W., Fu, A., et al. 2019. Association between anemia and cognitive decline among Chinese middle-aged and elderly: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. BMC geriatrics. BMC Geriatrics, 19(1): 305- 308. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1308-7.
Rijal, M. and Ardiansyah. 2016. Kondisi Kekumuhan Kampung Nelayan Sejahtera Kota Bengkulu dalam Upaya Pencegahan dan Peningkatan Kualitas Permukiman Kumuh. Prosiding Ilmiah IPLBI, (1): 61-66.
Roche, M. Perez-Gimenez, M. E., Layrisse, M., Di Prisco, E. 1957. Study of urinary and fecal excretion of radioactive chromium Cr51 in man; its use in the measurement of intestinal blood loss associated with hookworm infection. The Journal of clinical investigation, 36(7): 1183–1192. doi: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI103514.
Rosyidah, H. N. and Prasetyo, H. 2018. Prevalensi Infeksi Cacing Usus pada Anak di Kampung Pasar Keputran Utara, Surabaya Tahun 2017. Journal of Vocational Health Studies, 1(1): 117-120. https://doi.org/10.20473/jvhs.
Sandy, S., Sumarni, S. and Soeyoko 2015. Analisis Model Faktor Risiko Yang Mempengaruhi Infeksi Kecacingan Yang Ditularkan Melalui Tanah Pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar Di Distrik Arso Kabupaten Keerom, Papua’, Media Litbangkes, 25(1): 1–14.
Simarmata, N., Sembiring, T. and Ali, M. 2015. Nutritional status of soil-transmitted helminthiasis- infected and uninfected children. Pediatric Indonesia, 55(3):135–141. doi: https://doi.org/10.14238/pi.
Sirajuddin, S. and Masni, M. 2015. Kejadian Anemia pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Kesmas: National Public Health Journal, 9(3): 264. doi: https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v9i3.574.
Soedarto. 2011. Buku Ajar Parasitologi Kedokteran. Jakarta: Sagung Seto.
Sofiana, L., & Kelen, M. S. J. 2018. Factors Related to Soil Transmitted Helminth Infection on Primary School Children. Unnes Journal of Public Health, 7(1), 55–61. doi: https://doi.org/10.15294/ujph.v7i1.17400.
Soleimani, N. and Abbaszadeh, N. 2011. Relationship between Anaemia, caused from the iron deficiency, and academic achievement among third grade high school female students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier B.V., 29: 1877–1884. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.437.
Sumampouw, O. J. Soemarno, Andarini, S., Sriwahyuni, E., Ester, J., Nelwan. 2015. Eksplorasi Masalah Kesehatan Masyarakat di Daerah Pesisir Kota Manado. Public Health Journal, 34(1): 587–592.
Suryantari, S. A. A. Satyarsa, A. B. S., Hartawan, I. G. N. B. R. M., Parastuta, I. K. Y., Sudarmaja, I. M. 2019. Prevalence, Intensity and Risk Factors of Soil Transmitted Helminths Infections Among Elementary School Students in Ngis Village, Karangasem District, Bali’, Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease, 7(6): 137. doi: https://doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v7i6.9952.
Syafri, M., Sirajuddin, S. and Tawali, A. 2013. Hubungan Faktor Keluarga dan Anak dengan Kejadian Anemia Pada Anak Sekolah Dasar Inpres Cilallang Kota Makasar Tahun 2013. media kesehatan masyarakat indonesia, 2(9): 1-5.
Vos, P. G. 1998. Theoretical Background of the Attention Concentration Test, Lisse: Swetz en Zeitlinger. Available at: http://www.socsci.ru.nl/advdv/fair98.html (Accessed: 20 October 2020).
Wardoyo, H., Aprilia and Mahmudio, T. 2013. Hubungan Makan Pagi Dan Tingkat Konsumsi Zat Gizi Dengan Daya Konsentrasi Belajar Pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Media Gizi Indonesia, 9: 49–53.
WHO. 2011. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, pp. 1–6.
WHO. 2019. Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections, WHO Departement of Control of Neglected Tropical Disease. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Wibisono, E., Susilo, A. and Nainggolan, L. 2014. Kapita Selekta Kedokteran. Ed. 4. Edited by C. Tanto et al. Jakarta: Media Aesculapius.
Ahmad, S., Ahmad, F., Dar, Z., Dar, P., Tak, H. and Fomda, B. 2015. Soil-transmitted helminths in relation to hemoglobin status among school children of the kashmir valley. J. Parasitol, 94(3): 591–593.
Aini, U. N., Al-Mekhlafi, M. N., Bao, M. A., Shaik, A., Sa'iah, A., Fatmah, M. S., et al . 2007. Serum iron status in Orang Asli children living in endemic areas of soil-transmitted helminths. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 16(4): 724–730.
Al-Mekhlafi, H. M., Mahdy, M. A., Sallam, A. A., Ariffin, W. A., Al-Mekhlafi, A. M., Amran, A. A., et al. 2011. Nutritional and socio-economic determinants of cognitive function and educational achievement of Aboriginal schoolchildren in rural Malaysia. British Journal of Nutrition, 106(7): 1100–1106.
Arcanjo, F. P. N., Arcanjo, C. P. C. and Santos, P. R. 2016. Schoolchildren with Learning Difficulties Have Low Iron Status and High Anemia Prevalence. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2016 :1–5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7357136
Azira, N. M. S. and Zeehaida, M. 2012. Severe chronic iron deficiency anaemia secondary to Trichuris dysentery syndrome - A case report. Tropical Biomedicine, 29(4): 626–631.
Basalamah, M. F., Pateda, V. and Rampengan, N. 2014. Hubungan Infeksi Soil Transmitted Helminth Dengan Kadar Hemobglobin Anak Sekolah Dasar Gmim Buha Manado. e-CliniC, 2(1): 1–6.
Bioptik Technology, I. 2016. User Manual Easy Touch GCHb. Bioptik Technology, Inc, pp. 1–2.
Briawan, D., Adrianto, Y., Hernawati, D., Syamsir, E., Aries, M. 2012. Food Consumption , Iron Bioavailibility and Anemia Status of School Girls in Bogor District. In Prosiding Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian IPB: 219–334.
CDC. 2018. DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern. America: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Chu, B. K. Gass, K., Batcho, W., Ake, M., Darkenoo, A. M., Adjinacou, E., et al. 2014. Pilot Assessment of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in the Context of Transmission Assessment Surveys for Lymphatic Filariasis in Benin and Tonga. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(2): 1-8.
Dahlan, M. S. 2016. Besar Sampel dan Cara Pengambilan Sampel dalam Penelitian Kedokteran Kesehatan. 4th edn. Epidemiologi Indonesia.
De Gier, B. Nga Thuy, T., Winichagoon, P., Dijkhuizen, M. A., Khan, N. C., Van De Bor, M., et al. 2016. Species-specific associations between soil-transmitted helminths and micronutrients in Vietnamese schoolchildren. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95(1): 77–82. doi: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.15-0533
Duff, E. M., Anderson, N. M. and Cooper, E. S. 1999. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-1, type 1 procollagen, and serum tumor necrosis factor alpha in children recovering from Trichuris dysentery syndrome. Pediatrics, 103(5): 1–6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.103.5.e69
Ezeamama, A. E., Friedman, J. F., Acosta, L. P., Bellinger, D. C., Langdon, G. C., Manalo, D. L., et al. 2005. Helminth infection and cognitive impairment among Filipino children. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 72(5): 540–548. doi: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2005.72.540
Greig, A. J. Patterson, A. J., Collins, C. E., Chalmers, K. A. 2013. Iron deficiency, cognition, mental health and fatigue in women of childbearing age: A systematic review. Journal of Nutritional Science, 2(9): 1–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2013.7
Hedley, L. and Serafino, R. L. 2015. Helminth infections : diagnosis and treatment. The Pharmaceutical Journal, 295(7882). doi: 10.1211/PJ.2015.20069529
Julianto, E. Damanik, I. R. T., Sidabutar, E. U. B., Salim, P. J. 2018. Hubungan Infeksi Soil-Transmitted Helmints (Sth) Terhadap Kadar Hemoglobin (Hb) Pada Anak. Jurnal Kedokteran Methodist, 10(10): 735–742. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Kattula, D.Sarkar, R., Ajjampur, S. S. R., Minz, S., Levecke, B., Muliyil, J., et al. 2014. Prevalence & risk factors for soil transmitted helminth infection among school children in south India. The Indian journal of medical research, 139(1): 76–82.
Margono, S., Supali, T. and Abidin, S. 2008. Buku Ajar Parasitologi Kedokteran Dalam: Nematoda Usus. 4th edn. Edited by I. Sutanto and I. Ismid. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FK UI.
Marlina, L. and Junus W. 2012. Hubungan Pendidikan Formal , Pengetahuan Ibu dan Sosial Ekonomi Terhadap Infeksi Soil Transmitted Helminths Pada Anak Sekolah Dasar Di Kecamatan Seluma Timur Kabupaten Seluma Bengkulu. Ekologi Kesehatan, 11(1): 33–39.
Ministry of Health. 2015. Profil Kesehatan 2015, Departemen Kesehatan RI. Jakarta: Indonesia.
Ministry of Health. 2017. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 15 Tahun 2017 Tentang Penanggulangan Cacingan. Kementerian Kesehatan: 41–45.
Molla, E. and Mamo, H. 2018. Soil-transmitted helminth infections, anemia and undernutrition among schoolchildren in Yirgacheffee, South Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes. BioMed Central, 11(1): 1–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3679-9.
Ojja, S. Kisaka, S., Ediau, M., Tuhebwe, D., Kisakye, A. N., Halage, A. A., et al. 2018. Prevalence, intensity and factors associated with soil-transmitted helminths infections among preschool-age children in Hoima district, rural western Uganda. BMC Infectious Diseases, 18(1): 1–12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3289-0.
Oktaviana. 2013. Hubungan Kejadian Gizi Kurang, Anemia Gizi Besi dan GAKY dengan Prestasi Belajar. Unnes Journal of Public Health, 2(1): 1–6.
Qin, T., Yan, M., Fu, Z., Song, Y., Lu, W., Fu, A., et al. 2019. Association between anemia and cognitive decline among Chinese middle-aged and elderly: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. BMC geriatrics. BMC Geriatrics, 19(1): 305- 308. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1308-7.
Rijal, M. and Ardiansyah. 2016. Kondisi Kekumuhan Kampung Nelayan Sejahtera Kota Bengkulu dalam Upaya Pencegahan dan Peningkatan Kualitas Permukiman Kumuh. Prosiding Ilmiah IPLBI, (1): 61-66.
Roche, M. Perez-Gimenez, M. E., Layrisse, M., Di Prisco, E. 1957. Study of urinary and fecal excretion of radioactive chromium Cr51 in man; its use in the measurement of intestinal blood loss associated with hookworm infection. The Journal of clinical investigation, 36(7): 1183–1192. doi: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI103514.
Rosyidah, H. N. and Prasetyo, H. 2018. Prevalensi Infeksi Cacing Usus pada Anak di Kampung Pasar Keputran Utara, Surabaya Tahun 2017. Journal of Vocational Health Studies, 1(1): 117-120. https://doi.org/10.20473/jvhs.
Sandy, S., Sumarni, S. and Soeyoko 2015. Analisis Model Faktor Risiko Yang Mempengaruhi Infeksi Kecacingan Yang Ditularkan Melalui Tanah Pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar Di Distrik Arso Kabupaten Keerom, Papua’, Media Litbangkes, 25(1): 1–14.
Simarmata, N., Sembiring, T. and Ali, M. 2015. Nutritional status of soil-transmitted helminthiasis- infected and uninfected children. Pediatric Indonesia, 55(3):135–141. doi: https://doi.org/10.14238/pi.
Sirajuddin, S. and Masni, M. 2015. Kejadian Anemia pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Kesmas: National Public Health Journal, 9(3): 264. doi: https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v9i3.574.
Soedarto. 2011. Buku Ajar Parasitologi Kedokteran. Jakarta: Sagung Seto.
Sofiana, L., & Kelen, M. S. J. 2018. Factors Related to Soil Transmitted Helminth Infection on Primary School Children. Unnes Journal of Public Health, 7(1), 55–61. doi: https://doi.org/10.15294/ujph.v7i1.17400.
Soleimani, N. and Abbaszadeh, N. 2011. Relationship between Anaemia, caused from the iron deficiency, and academic achievement among third grade high school female students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier B.V., 29: 1877–1884. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.437.
Sumampouw, O. J. Soemarno, Andarini, S., Sriwahyuni, E., Ester, J., Nelwan. 2015. Eksplorasi Masalah Kesehatan Masyarakat di Daerah Pesisir Kota Manado. Public Health Journal, 34(1): 587–592.
Suryantari, S. A. A. Satyarsa, A. B. S., Hartawan, I. G. N. B. R. M., Parastuta, I. K. Y., Sudarmaja, I. M. 2019. Prevalence, Intensity and Risk Factors of Soil Transmitted Helminths Infections Among Elementary School Students in Ngis Village, Karangasem District, Bali’, Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease, 7(6): 137. doi: https://doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v7i6.9952.
Syafri, M., Sirajuddin, S. and Tawali, A. 2013. Hubungan Faktor Keluarga dan Anak dengan Kejadian Anemia Pada Anak Sekolah Dasar Inpres Cilallang Kota Makasar Tahun 2013. media kesehatan masyarakat indonesia, 2(9): 1-5.
Vos, P. G. 1998. Theoretical Background of the Attention Concentration Test, Lisse: Swetz en Zeitlinger. Available at: http://www.socsci.ru.nl/advdv/fair98.html (Accessed: 20 October 2020).
Wardoyo, H., Aprilia and Mahmudio, T. 2013. Hubungan Makan Pagi Dan Tingkat Konsumsi Zat Gizi Dengan Daya Konsentrasi Belajar Pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Media Gizi Indonesia, 9: 49–53.
WHO. 2011. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, pp. 1–6.
WHO. 2019. Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections, WHO Departement of Control of Neglected Tropical Disease. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Wibisono, E., Susilo, A. and Nainggolan, L. 2014. Kapita Selekta Kedokteran. Ed. 4. Edited by C. Tanto et al. Jakarta: Media Aesculapius.