Online Affirmation and Peer Support are Effective for Reducing Medical Personnel Stress in Dealing with Covid-19 Patients
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Abstract
The Covid-19 outbreak has psychological impacts on frontline medical personnel at risk of infection. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of online affirmations and peer support on medical personnel stress level in dealing with Covid-19 patients, as well as social support and spiritual intelligence's influence. It was a quasi-experiment with pre- and post-test administered to 25 and 30 medical personnel as the intervention and control groups, respectively. The intervention was carried out on WhatsApp group for 4 weeks. The stress level pair T-test results showed p = 0.000 in the intervention group and p = 0.238 in the control, while the independent T-test results showed p = 0.009. Social support did not affect medical personnel’s stress (p=0.978), but the effect of spiritual intelligence was significant (p=0.000). According to the results of multiple regression test conducted using the Enter method, the coefficient value (R2) = 0.584. This intervention was effective in helping medical personnel to manage stress. Hence, hospital managers need to carry out stress management training to maintain medical personnel’s mental health.
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How to Cite
Saleha, N., Delfina, R., Nurlaili, N., Ardiansyah, F., & Nafratilova, M. (2021). Online Affirmation and Peer Support are Effective for Reducing Medical Personnel Stress in Dealing with Covid-19 Patients. Unnes Journal of Public Health, 10(2), 151-161. https://doi.org/10.15294/ujph.v10i2.42861
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Barzilay, R. et al. 2020. Resilience, COVID-19-related Stress, Anxiety and Depression during the Pandemic in a Large Population Enriched for Healthcare Providers. Translational Psychiatry, 10 (291): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-00982-4
Beni, K.N., Dewanti, N., Yanriatuti, I., Prakosa, M.M. & Purwanza, S. 2019. Systematic Review Spiritual Intelligence Roles to Improve the Quality of Nursing Care : A Systematic Review. Jurnal Ners, 14 (3): 93–97. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jn.v14i3.16952
Blake et al. 2020. Mitigating the Psychological Impact of Covid-19 on Healthcare Workers: A Digital Learning Package. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (9): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17092997
Boutin-Foster et al. 2016. Results from the Trial Using Motivational Interviewing, Positive Affect, and Self-affirmation in African Americans with Hypertension (TRIUM PH). Ethnicity and Disease, 26 (1): 51–60. https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.26.1.51
Chan, S.F. & la Greca, A. 2013. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_773
Chen et al. 2020. Mental Health Care for Medical Staff in China During the COVID-19 Outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7 (4): 15–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30078-X
Cholifah, N., Fahrida, R. & Hartinah, D. 2017. Pengaruh Pemberian Afirmasi Positif Terhadap Perubahan Psikologis Ibu Hamil Dengan Pre Eklampsia di Klinik Kandungan RSUD Ra Kartini Kabupaten Jepara Tahun 2017. Indonesia Jurnal Perawat, 2 (2): 80–86. https://ejr.stikesmuhkudus.ac.id/index.php/ijp/article/view/463/336
Chou et al. 2020. Epidemiology of and Risk Factors for Coronavirus Infection in Health Care Workers: A Living Rapid Review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 173 (2): 120–136. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-1632
Economides et al. 2018. Improvements in Stress, Affect, and Irritability Following Brief Use of a Mindfulness-based Smartphone App: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Mindfulness, 9 (5): 1584–1593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0905-4
El-Zoghby, S.M., Soltan, E.M. & Salama, H.M. 2020. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Social Support among Adult Egyptians. Journal of Community Health, 45 (4): 689–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00853-5
Esfahani, S.T. & Sadeghi, A. 2015. Relationship Between Spiritual Intelligence and Transformational Leadership. International Journal Social Science, 5: 51–60. http://ijss.srbiau.ac.ir/article_8147_ef8a82349acb581658440d1bc66c4b36.pdf
Grunberg, P.H., Dennis, C., Costa, D.D. & Zelkowitz, P. 2018. Infertility Patients Need and Preferences for Online Peer Support. Reproductive Biomedicine and Society Online, 6: 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbms.2018.10.016
Hamilton et al. 2011. Using a Positive Self-talk Intervention to Enhance Coping Skills in Breast Cancer Survivors: Lessons from a Community based Group Delivery Model. Current Oncology, 18 (2): 46–53. https://doi.org/10.3747/co.v18i2.706
Haryono, S., Rosady, F. & MdSaad, M.S. 2018. Effects of Emotional and Spiritual Intelligence on Job Performance among Temporary Nurses at Abdul Riva’i Regional General Hospital, Berau District, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Management Issues in Healthcare System, 4 (1): 42–54. https://doi.org/10.33844/mihs.2018.60231
Heath, C., Sommerfield, A. & Ungern-Sternberg, B.S.V. 2020. Resilience Strategies to Manage Psychological Distress among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Narrative Review. Anaesthesia, 75 (10): 1364–1371. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15180
Heinzerling et al. 2020. Transmission of COVID-19 to Health Care Personnel During Exposures to a Hospitalized Patient — Solano County, California, February 2020. MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report), 69 (15): 472–476. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6915e5.
Heisler, M., Vijan, S., Makki, F. & Piette, J.D. 2008. Diabetes Control with Reciprocal Peer Support Versus Nurse Care Management: A Randomized Trial Michele. Bone, 23 (1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-8-201010190-00007
Hu, K., Fan, J., Li, X., Gou, X., Li, X. & Zhou, X. 2020. The Adverse Skin Reactions of Health Care Workers Using Personal Protective Equipment for COVID-19. Medicine, 99 (24), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000020603
Jeon et al. 2020. Protection of Healthcare Workers Against COVID-19 at a Large Teaching Hospital in Seoul, Korea. Yonsei Medical Journal, 61 (7): 631–634. https://doi.org/10.3349/YMJ.2020.61.7.631
Kackin, O., Ciydem, E., Aci, O.S. & Kutlu, F.Y. 2020. Experiences and Psychosocial Problems of Nurses Caring for Patients Diagnosed with COVID-19 in Turkey: A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67 (2): 158-167. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020942788
Kaur, D., Sambasivan, M. & Kumar, N. 2013. Effect of Spiritual Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence, Psychological Ownership and Burnout on Caring Behavior of Nurses: a Cross-sectional Study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22 (21-22): 3192-3202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12386
Kim, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y. & Cho, J.-H. 2020. A Study on the Job Retention Intention of Nurses Based on Social Support in the COVID-19 Situation. Sustainability, 12 (18): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187276
Kılınç, T. & Çelik, A.S. 2020. Relationship Between the Social Support and Psychological Resilience Levels Perceived by Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A study from Turkey. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12648
Kusumastuti, I., Iftayani, I. & Noviyanti, E. 2017. Efektivitas Afirmasi Positif dan Stabilisasi Dzikir Vibrasi sebagai Media Terapi Psikologis untuk Mengatasi Kecemasan pada Komunitas Pasien Hemodialisa. Jurnal Tarbiyatuna, 8 (2): 123–131. http://journal.ummgl.ac.id/index.php/tarbiyatuna/article/view/1818
Labrague, L.J. & de los Santos, J.A.A. 2020. Fear of COVID-19, Psychological Distress, Work Satisfaction and Turnover Intention among Frontline Nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 29: 395-403. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13168
Labrague, L.J. & de los Santos, J.A.A. 2020. COVID-19 Anxiety among Front-line Nurses: Predictive Role of Organisational Support, Personal Resilience and Social Support. Journal of Nursing Management, 28 (7): 1653–1661. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13121
Lai et al. 2020. Factors Associated with Mental Health Outcomes among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Network Open, 3 (3): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
Langdon, R.R., Biggs, H.C. & Rowland, B. 2016. Australian Fly-in, Fly-out Operations: Impacts on Communities, Safety, Workers and Their Families. Work, 55 (2): 413–427. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-162412
Li et al. 2020. Self-affirmation Buffering by the General Public Reduces Anxiety Levels during the Covid-19 Epidemic. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 52 (7): 886–894. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.00886
Liao et al. 2020. Emergency Stress Management among Nurses: A Lesson from the COVID-19 Outbreak in China- A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Clinical Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15553
Liu, Q., Luo, D., Haase, J.E., Guo, Q., Wang, X.Q., Liu, S., Xia, L., Liu, Z., Yang, J. & Yang, B.X. 2020. The Experiences of Health-care Providers during the COVID-19 Crisis in China: a Qualitative Study. The Lancet Global Health, 8 (6): 790-798. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30204-7
Liu, Z., Qiao, D., Xu, Y., Zhao, W., Yang, Y.,Wen, D., Li, X., Nie, X., Dong, Y., Tang, S., Jiang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhao, J. & Xu, Y. 2021. The Efficacy of Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Patient with Covid-19: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23 (5): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.2196/26883
Lohmann et al. 2019. Psychological Wellbeing in a Resource-limited Work Environment: Examining Levels and Determinants among Health Workers in Rural Malawi. Human Resources for Health, 17 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-019-0416-y
Mays, D. & Zhao2, X. 2017. The Influence of Framed Messages and Self-Affirmation on Indoor Tanning Behavioral Intentions among 18 to 30 Year Old Women. Physiology and Behavior, 176 (3): 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000253
Mo et al. 2020. Work Stress among Chinese Nurses to Support Wuhan in Fighting Against COVID-19 Epidemic. Journal of Nursing Management, 28 (5): 1002–1009. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13014
Muniroh, S. & Wardani, I.Y. 2018. Positive Affirmation as an Intervention of Inequality in Urban Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Problems. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Jiwa, 1 (2): 62–68. https://doi.org/10.32584/jikj.v1i2.149
Nie et al. 2020. Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on Frontline Nurses: A Cross-sectional Survey Study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29 (21–22): 4217–4226. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15454
Park, S.H. 2020. Personal Protective Equipment for Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Infection & Chemotherapy, 52 (2): 165–182. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2020.52.2.165
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