Workplace Bullying among Offshore Workers of an Oil and Gas Company
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Abstract
Workplace bullying is now a psychosocial hazard that has led to deterioration in the productivity of workers, which ultimately leads to the decline in the performance of organizations. This study aimed at examining the correlation between bullying, psychological distress, and satisfaction in life. Respondents involved are offshore workers of an oil and gas company (N = 206) from various entities. Additionally, the respondents were divided into permanent and contract workers, as well as staff and non-staff members recruited using the snowball sampling method. Statistical analysis was performed using the Spearman correlation test with the SPSS software. The results showed a significant association between bullying and psychological distress (r permanent=0.705, r contract=0.548, r staff=0.656, and r non-staff=0.513, p=0.01) and satisfaction with life (r permanent=-0.213, r contract=-0.151, r staff=-0.330, and r non-staff=-0.149, p=0.05). This indicated that permanent workers and staff positions have a higher level of psychological distress than contract workers and non-staff members. However, they also have a higher level of life satisfaction. Therefore, although the stress levels are higher among permanent and staff workers, a mediating factor makes their satisfaction remain higher.
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How to Cite
Kamto, K., Nasri, S. M., Erwandi, D., Lestari, F., & Kadir, A. (2022). Workplace Bullying among Offshore Workers of an Oil and Gas Company. Unnes Journal of Public Health, 11(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.15294/ujph.v11i1.46426
References
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Arnarsson, A., Nygren, J., Nyholm, M., Torsheim, T., Augustine, L., Bjereld, Y., Markkanen, I., Schnohr, C.w., Rasmussen, M., Nielsen, L. & Bendtsen, P. 2020. Cyberbullying and Traditional Bullying among Nordic Adolescents and Their Impact on Life Satisfaction. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 48 (5): 502–510. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494818817411
Arvidsdotter, T., Marklund, B., Kylén, S., Taft, C. & Ekman, I. 2016. Understanding Persons with Psychological Distress in Primary Health Care. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 30 (4): 687–694. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12289
Ballard, A. & Easteal, P. 2018. What’s in a Name? The Language of Workplace Bullying. Alternative Law Journal, 43 (1): 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1037969X17748177
Beutel, M.E., Klein, E.M., Aufenanger, S., Brahler, E., Dreier, M., Muller, K.W., Quiring, O., Reinecke, R., Schmutzer, G., Stark, B. & Wolflling, K. 2016. Procrastination, Distress, and Life Satisfaction Across the Age Range - A German Representative Community Study. PLoS One, 11 (2): 1-12. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0148054
Bloch, C. 2010. Negative Acts and Bullying: Face-threatening Acts, Social Bonds and Social Place (in Emotionalizing Organizations and Organizing Emotions) (pp. 126–146). Palgrave Macmillan: Macmillan Publishers Limited. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230289895
Cheung, F. & Lucas, R.E. 2015. When does Money Matter Most? Examining the Association between Income and Life Satisfaction over the Life Course. Psychology and Aging, 30 (1): 120–135. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038682
D’cruz, P. 2015. Depersonalized Bullying at Work From Evidence to Conceptualization. Springer. http://www.springer.com/series/10143
De Cuyper, N., Notelaers, G. & De Witte, H. 2009. Transitioning between Temporary and Permanent Employment: A Two-wave Study on the Entrapment, the Stepping Stone and the Selection Hypothesis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82 (1): 67–88. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908X299755
Diener, E., Inglehart, R. & Tay, L. 2013. Theory and Validity of Life Satisfaction Scales. Social Indicators Research, 112 (3): 497–527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0076-y
Drapeau, A., Marchand, A. & Beaulieu-Prévost, D. 2011. Epidemiology of Psychological Distress (in L. L’Abate (Ed.), Mental Illness - Understanding, Prediction and Control (pp. 105–130). InTech.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H. & Notelaers, G. 2009. Measuring Exposure to Bullying and Harassment at Work: Validity, Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-revised. Work and Stress, 23 (1): 24–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370902815673
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D. & Cooper, C.L. 2020. Bullying and Harrassment in the Workplace (Stale Einarsen & H. Doel (Eds.); Third edit, pp. 3–53). CRC Press - Taylor & Francis Group.
Einarsen, Stale, Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C.L. 2011. The Concept of Bullying and Harassment at Work: The European Tradition. In Bullying and Harassment at Workplace (Second Edi). CRC Press - Taylor & Francis Group.
Emerson, S.D., Guhn, M. & Gadermann, A.M. 2017. Measurement Invariance of the Satisfaction with Life Scale: Reviewing Three Decades of Research. Quality of Life Research, 26 (9): 2251–2264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-017-1552-2
Erwandi, D., Kadir, A. & Lestari, F. 2021. Identification of Workplace Bullying : Reliability and Validity of Indonesian Version of the Negative Acts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (8): 3985. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083985
Gragnano, A., Simbula, S. & Miglioretti, M. 2020. Work-Life Balance: Weighing the Importance of Work-Family and Work-Health Balance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (907): 1-20. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/3/907/pdf
Grynderup, M.B., Nabe-Nielsen, K., Lange, T., Conway, P.M., Bonde, J.P., Garde, A.H., Gullander, M., Kaerlev, L., Persson, R., Rugulies, R., Vammen, M.A., Høgh, A. & Hansen, Å.M. 2017. The Associations between Workplace Bullying, Salivary Cortisol, and Long-term Sickness Absence: A Longitudinal Study. BMC Public Health, 17 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4716-7
Hauge, L.J., Skogstad, A. & Einarsen, S. 2010. Personality and Social Sciences the Relative Impact of Workplace Bullying as a Social Stressor at Work. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51: 426–433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2010.00813.x
Jaradat, Y., Nielsen, M.B., Kristensen, P., Nijem, K., Bjertness, E., Stigum, H. & Bast-Pettersen, R. 2016. Workplace Aggression, Psychological Distress, and Job Satisfaction among Palestinian Nurses: A Cross-sectional study. Applied Nursing Research, 32: 190–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2016.07.014
Kakarika, M., González-Gómez, H.V. & Dimitriades, Z. 2017. That wasn’t Our Deal: A Psychological Contract Perspective on Employee Responses to Bullying. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 100: 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.02.005
Kessler, R.C., Barker, P.R., Colpe, L.J., Epstein, J.F., Gfroerer, J.C., Hiripi, E., Howes, M.J., Normand, S.L.T., Manderscheid, R.W., Walters, E.E. & Zaslavsky, A.M. 2003. Screening for Serious Mental Illness in the General Population. JAMA Psychiatry, 60 (2): 184–189. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.184
Law, R., Dollard, M.F., Tuckey, M.R. & Dormann, C. 2011. Psychosocial Safety Climate as a Lead Indicator of Workplace Bullying and Harassment, Job Resources, Psychological Health and Employee Engagement. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43 (5): 1782–1793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.04.010
Magee, C., Gordon, R., Robinson, L., Reis, S., Caputi, P. & Oades, L. 2015. Distinct Workplace Bullying Experiences and Sleep Quality: A Person-centred Approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 87: 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.004
Marchand, A., Drapeau, A. & Beaulieu-Prévost, D. 2012. Psychological Distress in Canada: The Role of Employment and Reasons of Non-employment. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 58 (6): 596–604. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764011418404
Maroufizadeh, S., Ghaheri, A., Samani, R.O. & Ezabadi, Z. 2016. Psychometric Properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) in Iranian Infertile Women. International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine, 14 (1): 57-62. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27141550/
Menesini, E. & Salmivalli, C. 2017. Bullying in School: the State of Knowledge and Effective Intervention. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 22 (1): 240-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2017.1279740
Miranda, R., Oriol, X., Amutio, A. & Ortúzar, H. 2019. Adolescent Bullying Victimization and Life Satisfaction: Can Family and School Adult Support Figures Mitigate this Effect? Revista de Psicodidáctica (English Ed.), 24 (1): 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psicoe.2018.07.001
Namie, G. 2021. 2021 WBI Workplace Bullying Survey. https://workplacebullying.org/2021-wbi-survey
Nauman, S., Malik, S.Z. & Jalil, F. 2019. How Workplace Bullying Jeopardizes Employees’ Life Satisfaction: The Roles of Job Anxiety and Insomnia. Frontiers in Psychology, 10 (2292): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02292
Nielsen, M.B., Indregard, A.M.R. & Overland, S. 2016. Workplace Bullying and Sickness Absence : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Research Literature. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 42 (5): 359-370. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.5271/sjweh.3579
Nielsen, M.B., Hetland, J., Matthiesen, S.B. & Einarsen, S. 2012. Longitudinal Relationships between Workplace Bullying and Psychological Distress. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 38 (1): 38–46. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3178
Notelaers, G. & Einarsen, S. 2012. The World Turns at 33 and 45: Defining Simple Cutoff Scores for the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised in a Representative Sample. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22 (6): 670–682. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.690558
Notelaers, G., Vermunt, J.K., Baillien, E., Einarsen, S. & Witte, H.De. 2011. Exploring Risk Groups Workplace Bullying with Categorical Data. Industrial Health, 49 (1): 73–88. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.ms1155
Oh, H., Uhm, D. & Yoon, Y. 2016. Workplace Bullying, Job Stress, Intent to Leave and Nurses' Perceptions of Patient Safety in South Korean Hospital. Nursing Research, 65 (5): 380-388. https://scholar.google.co.id/scholar_url?url=https://readersinsight.net/jmi/article/download/123/163&hl=id&sa=X&ei=UChfYYyzJY2oywTy66jAAQ&scisig=AAGBfm2Ivgv4fbJzUHXFFEYssG_Eq8HMRQ&oi=scholarr
O’Moore, M. & Crowley, N. 2011. The Clinical Effects of Workplace Bullying: A Critical Look at Personality Using SEM. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 4 (1): 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538351111118608
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the satisfaction with life scale psychological assessment. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 164–172. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4
R. Kessler, G. Andrew, L. Colpe, E. Hiripi, D. Mroczek, S. Normand, E. Walters, & A. Zaslavksy. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32, 959–976. http://journals2.scholarsportal.info.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/tmp/16251877752428454629.pdf
Raja, U., Javed, Y. & Abbas, M. 2018. A Time Lagged Study of Burnout as A Mediator in the Relationship between Workplace Bullying and Work-family Conflict. International Journal of Stress Management, 25 (4): 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000080
Ruberton, P.M., Lyubomirsky, S. & Gladstone, J. 2016. How your Bank Balance Buys Happiness: The Importance of “Cash on Hand” to Life Satisfaction. Emotion, 16 (5): 575–580. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000184
Samsudin, E.Z., Isahak, M., Rampal, S., Rosnah, I. & Zakaria, M.I. 2019. Organisational Antecedents of Workplace Victimisation: The Role of Organisational Climate, Culture, Leadership, Support, and Justice in Predicting Junior Doctors’ Exposure to Bullying at Work. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 35 (1): 346–367. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2926
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American Psychological Association. 2020. Bullying. https://www.apa.org/topics/bullying
Anderson, T.M., Sunderland, M., Andrews, G., Titov, N., Dear, B.F. & Sachdev, P.S. 2013. The 10-Item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) as a Screening Instrument in Older Individuals. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21 (7): 596–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.009
Arnarsson, A., Nygren, J., Nyholm, M., Torsheim, T., Augustine, L., Bjereld, Y., Markkanen, I., Schnohr, C.w., Rasmussen, M., Nielsen, L. & Bendtsen, P. 2020. Cyberbullying and Traditional Bullying among Nordic Adolescents and Their Impact on Life Satisfaction. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 48 (5): 502–510. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494818817411
Arvidsdotter, T., Marklund, B., Kylén, S., Taft, C. & Ekman, I. 2016. Understanding Persons with Psychological Distress in Primary Health Care. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 30 (4): 687–694. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12289
Ballard, A. & Easteal, P. 2018. What’s in a Name? The Language of Workplace Bullying. Alternative Law Journal, 43 (1): 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1037969X17748177
Beutel, M.E., Klein, E.M., Aufenanger, S., Brahler, E., Dreier, M., Muller, K.W., Quiring, O., Reinecke, R., Schmutzer, G., Stark, B. & Wolflling, K. 2016. Procrastination, Distress, and Life Satisfaction Across the Age Range - A German Representative Community Study. PLoS One, 11 (2): 1-12. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0148054
Bloch, C. 2010. Negative Acts and Bullying: Face-threatening Acts, Social Bonds and Social Place (in Emotionalizing Organizations and Organizing Emotions) (pp. 126–146). Palgrave Macmillan: Macmillan Publishers Limited. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230289895
Cheung, F. & Lucas, R.E. 2015. When does Money Matter Most? Examining the Association between Income and Life Satisfaction over the Life Course. Psychology and Aging, 30 (1): 120–135. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038682
D’cruz, P. 2015. Depersonalized Bullying at Work From Evidence to Conceptualization. Springer. http://www.springer.com/series/10143
De Cuyper, N., Notelaers, G. & De Witte, H. 2009. Transitioning between Temporary and Permanent Employment: A Two-wave Study on the Entrapment, the Stepping Stone and the Selection Hypothesis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82 (1): 67–88. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908X299755
Diener, E., Inglehart, R. & Tay, L. 2013. Theory and Validity of Life Satisfaction Scales. Social Indicators Research, 112 (3): 497–527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0076-y
Drapeau, A., Marchand, A. & Beaulieu-Prévost, D. 2011. Epidemiology of Psychological Distress (in L. L’Abate (Ed.), Mental Illness - Understanding, Prediction and Control (pp. 105–130). InTech.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H. & Notelaers, G. 2009. Measuring Exposure to Bullying and Harassment at Work: Validity, Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-revised. Work and Stress, 23 (1): 24–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370902815673
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D. & Cooper, C.L. 2020. Bullying and Harrassment in the Workplace (Stale Einarsen & H. Doel (Eds.); Third edit, pp. 3–53). CRC Press - Taylor & Francis Group.
Einarsen, Stale, Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C.L. 2011. The Concept of Bullying and Harassment at Work: The European Tradition. In Bullying and Harassment at Workplace (Second Edi). CRC Press - Taylor & Francis Group.
Emerson, S.D., Guhn, M. & Gadermann, A.M. 2017. Measurement Invariance of the Satisfaction with Life Scale: Reviewing Three Decades of Research. Quality of Life Research, 26 (9): 2251–2264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-017-1552-2
Erwandi, D., Kadir, A. & Lestari, F. 2021. Identification of Workplace Bullying : Reliability and Validity of Indonesian Version of the Negative Acts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (8): 3985. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083985
Gragnano, A., Simbula, S. & Miglioretti, M. 2020. Work-Life Balance: Weighing the Importance of Work-Family and Work-Health Balance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (907): 1-20. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/3/907/pdf
Grynderup, M.B., Nabe-Nielsen, K., Lange, T., Conway, P.M., Bonde, J.P., Garde, A.H., Gullander, M., Kaerlev, L., Persson, R., Rugulies, R., Vammen, M.A., Høgh, A. & Hansen, Å.M. 2017. The Associations between Workplace Bullying, Salivary Cortisol, and Long-term Sickness Absence: A Longitudinal Study. BMC Public Health, 17 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4716-7
Hauge, L.J., Skogstad, A. & Einarsen, S. 2010. Personality and Social Sciences the Relative Impact of Workplace Bullying as a Social Stressor at Work. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51: 426–433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2010.00813.x
Jaradat, Y., Nielsen, M.B., Kristensen, P., Nijem, K., Bjertness, E., Stigum, H. & Bast-Pettersen, R. 2016. Workplace Aggression, Psychological Distress, and Job Satisfaction among Palestinian Nurses: A Cross-sectional study. Applied Nursing Research, 32: 190–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2016.07.014
Kakarika, M., González-Gómez, H.V. & Dimitriades, Z. 2017. That wasn’t Our Deal: A Psychological Contract Perspective on Employee Responses to Bullying. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 100: 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.02.005
Kessler, R.C., Barker, P.R., Colpe, L.J., Epstein, J.F., Gfroerer, J.C., Hiripi, E., Howes, M.J., Normand, S.L.T., Manderscheid, R.W., Walters, E.E. & Zaslavsky, A.M. 2003. Screening for Serious Mental Illness in the General Population. JAMA Psychiatry, 60 (2): 184–189. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.184
Law, R., Dollard, M.F., Tuckey, M.R. & Dormann, C. 2011. Psychosocial Safety Climate as a Lead Indicator of Workplace Bullying and Harassment, Job Resources, Psychological Health and Employee Engagement. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43 (5): 1782–1793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.04.010
Magee, C., Gordon, R., Robinson, L., Reis, S., Caputi, P. & Oades, L. 2015. Distinct Workplace Bullying Experiences and Sleep Quality: A Person-centred Approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 87: 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.004
Marchand, A., Drapeau, A. & Beaulieu-Prévost, D. 2012. Psychological Distress in Canada: The Role of Employment and Reasons of Non-employment. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 58 (6): 596–604. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764011418404
Maroufizadeh, S., Ghaheri, A., Samani, R.O. & Ezabadi, Z. 2016. Psychometric Properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) in Iranian Infertile Women. International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine, 14 (1): 57-62. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27141550/
Menesini, E. & Salmivalli, C. 2017. Bullying in School: the State of Knowledge and Effective Intervention. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 22 (1): 240-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2017.1279740
Miranda, R., Oriol, X., Amutio, A. & Ortúzar, H. 2019. Adolescent Bullying Victimization and Life Satisfaction: Can Family and School Adult Support Figures Mitigate this Effect? Revista de Psicodidáctica (English Ed.), 24 (1): 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psicoe.2018.07.001
Namie, G. 2021. 2021 WBI Workplace Bullying Survey. https://workplacebullying.org/2021-wbi-survey
Nauman, S., Malik, S.Z. & Jalil, F. 2019. How Workplace Bullying Jeopardizes Employees’ Life Satisfaction: The Roles of Job Anxiety and Insomnia. Frontiers in Psychology, 10 (2292): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02292
Nielsen, M.B., Indregard, A.M.R. & Overland, S. 2016. Workplace Bullying and Sickness Absence : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Research Literature. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 42 (5): 359-370. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.5271/sjweh.3579
Nielsen, M.B., Hetland, J., Matthiesen, S.B. & Einarsen, S. 2012. Longitudinal Relationships between Workplace Bullying and Psychological Distress. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 38 (1): 38–46. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3178
Notelaers, G. & Einarsen, S. 2012. The World Turns at 33 and 45: Defining Simple Cutoff Scores for the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised in a Representative Sample. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22 (6): 670–682. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.690558
Notelaers, G., Vermunt, J.K., Baillien, E., Einarsen, S. & Witte, H.De. 2011. Exploring Risk Groups Workplace Bullying with Categorical Data. Industrial Health, 49 (1): 73–88. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.ms1155
Oh, H., Uhm, D. & Yoon, Y. 2016. Workplace Bullying, Job Stress, Intent to Leave and Nurses' Perceptions of Patient Safety in South Korean Hospital. Nursing Research, 65 (5): 380-388. https://scholar.google.co.id/scholar_url?url=https://readersinsight.net/jmi/article/download/123/163&hl=id&sa=X&ei=UChfYYyzJY2oywTy66jAAQ&scisig=AAGBfm2Ivgv4fbJzUHXFFEYssG_Eq8HMRQ&oi=scholarr
O’Moore, M. & Crowley, N. 2011. The Clinical Effects of Workplace Bullying: A Critical Look at Personality Using SEM. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 4 (1): 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538351111118608
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the satisfaction with life scale psychological assessment. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 164–172. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4
R. Kessler, G. Andrew, L. Colpe, E. Hiripi, D. Mroczek, S. Normand, E. Walters, & A. Zaslavksy. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32, 959–976. http://journals2.scholarsportal.info.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/tmp/16251877752428454629.pdf
Raja, U., Javed, Y. & Abbas, M. 2018. A Time Lagged Study of Burnout as A Mediator in the Relationship between Workplace Bullying and Work-family Conflict. International Journal of Stress Management, 25 (4): 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000080
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