Type D Personality and Essential Hypertension in Semarang City, Indonesia: A Primary Healthcare Center-based Case-Control Study
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Abstract
Type D personality is defined as the interaction between negative affectivity (NA) and social inhibition (SI). Hypertension has the highest cases in primary healthcare center (PHC) in Semarang City compared to other non-communicable diseases. This study aims to determine type D personality role on essential hypertension. It was a case-control study conducted at the PHC in Semarang City from January 2020 to March 2021 with 139 cases and 139 controls among 18-60 years old patients. Sample collection was performed by stratified random sampling. The instruments used were the DS-14 scale, structured questionnaire IPAQ-SF, food frequency questionnaire, and the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale, while data were analyzed using logistic regression. The prevalence of type D personality in the case group (64%; 95%CI: 55.9%-72.1%) was higher than in the control (36.7%; 95%CI: 28.7%-44.7%). Type D personality was discovered to be significantly associated with essential hypertension (OR: 3.07; 95%CI: 1.83-5.16). After other covariates adjustment, the association was still statistically significant (AdjOR: 2.41; 95%CI: 1.32-4.41).
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How to Cite
Fauzi, L., Rahayu, S., & Anggorowati, L. (2021). Type D Personality and Essential Hypertension in Semarang City, Indonesia: A Primary Healthcare Center-based Case-Control Study. Unnes Journal of Public Health, 10(2), 185-191. https://doi.org/10.15294/ujph.v10i2.46917
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Raykh, O.I. et al. 2020. Association of Type D Personality and Level of Coronary Artery Calcification. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 139: 110265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110265.
Raykh, O.I., Sumin, A.N. & Korok, E.V. 2021. The Influence of Personality Type D on Cardiovascular Prognosis in Patients After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Data from a 5-Year-Follow-up Study. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2021. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-021-09992-y.
Ringoir, L. et al. 2014. Prevalence of Psychological Distress in Elderly Hypertension Patients in Primary Care. Netherlands Heart Journal, 22 (2): 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-013-0502-z.
Romppel, M. et al. 2012. Six Year Stability of Type-D Personality in a German Cohort of Cardiac Patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 72 (2): 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.11.009.
Steca, P. et al. 2016. A Type A and Type D Combined Personality Typology in Essential Hypertension and Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: Associations with Demographic, Psychological, Clinical, and Lifestyle Indicators. PloS One, 11 (9): e0161840–e0161840. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161840.
WHO. 2017. Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2017, World Health Organization 2017. Geneva: WHO. https://doi.org/10.2766/120051.
Bouwens et al. 2019. Type D Personality and Health-Related Quality of Life in Vascular Surgery Patients. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 26 (4): 343–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-018-09762-3.
Cleland et al. 2018. Validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) for Assessing Moderate-to-vigorous Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour of Older Adults in the United Kingdom. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18 (1): 176. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0642-3.
Danaei et al. 2013. The Contributions of Risk Factor Trends to Cardiometabolic Mortality Decline in 26 Industrialized Countries. International Journal of Epidemiology, 42 (3): 838–848. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyt063.
Denollet, J. et al. 2018. Predictive Value of Type D Personality for Impaired Endothelial Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. International Journal of Cardiology, 259: 205–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.02.064.
Enatescu, V.R. et al. 2021. The Relationship between Type D Personality and the Complexity of Coronary Artery Disease. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 17: 809-820. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S303644.
Gomboc, V. et al. 2021. Emotional and Social Loneliness as Predictors of Suicidal Ideation in Different Age Groups. Community Mental Health Journal, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-021-00823-8.
Israfil & Making, M.A. 2020. Blood Glucose Level , Blood Pressure, and Medication Behavior are related to Cardiovascular Complication in Hypertension Patient at Sikumana Public Health Center. Unnes Journal of Public Health, 9 (1): 50-51. https://doi.org/10.15294/ujph.v9i1.28051.
Kupper, N. et al. .2013. Cross-cultural Analysis of Type D (Distressed) Personality in 6222 Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease: a Study from the International HeartQoL Project. International Journal of Cardiology,166 (2): 327–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.10.084.
Kupper, N. & Denollet, J. 2018. Type D Personality as a Risk Factor in Coronary Heart Disease: a Review of Current Evidence. Current Cardiology Reports, 20 (11): 104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-018-1048-x.
Lin, P. et al. 2018. Type D Personality, but not Type A Behavior Pattern, is Associated with Coronary Plaque Vulnerability. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 23 (2): 216–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2017.1344254.
Majaluoma, S., Seppälä, T., Kautiainen, H. & Korhonen, P. 2020. Type D Personality and Metabolic Syndrome among Finnish Female Municipal Workers. BMC Women’s Health, 20 (1): 202. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-01052-z.
Mancia, G. et al. 2013. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European Heart Journal, 34 (28): 2159–2219. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht151.
Mboi, N. et al. 2016. On the Road to Universal Health Care in Indonesia , 1990 – 2016 : a Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. The Lancet, 392 (10147): 581–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30595-6.
Menon, V. et al. 2019. Factor Structure and Validity of Type D Personality Scale among Indian (Tamil-speaking) Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 61 (6): 572–577. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_27_19.
Mols, F. et al. 2012. Type D (Distressed) Personality is Associated with Poor Quality of Life and Mental Health among 3080 Cancer Survivors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136 (1): 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.034.
National Institute of Health Research and Development Ministry of Health of Indonesia. 2018. Laporan Nasional Riskesdas 2018. Jakarta: National Institute of Health Research and Development Ministry of Health of Indonesia.
Oliva, F. et al. 2016. Type D Personality and Essential Hypertension in Primary Care: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study Within a Cohort of Patients Visiting General Practitioners. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. United States, 204 (1): 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000421.
Pah, A.-M. et al. 2019. The Importance of DS-14 and HADS Questionnaires in Quantifying Psychological Stress in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 55 (9): 569. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55090569.
Pedersen, S.S. et al. 2017. Psychosocial Perspectives in Cardiovascular Disease. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 24 (3): 108–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487317703827.
Prospective Studies Collaboration. 2017. Global, Regional, and National Age-sex Specific Mortality for 264 Causes of Death, 1980-2016: a Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet (London, England), 390 (10100): 1151–1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9.
Raykh, O.I. et al. 2020. Association of Type D Personality and Level of Coronary Artery Calcification. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 139: 110265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110265.
Raykh, O.I., Sumin, A.N. & Korok, E.V. 2021. The Influence of Personality Type D on Cardiovascular Prognosis in Patients After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Data from a 5-Year-Follow-up Study. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2021. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-021-09992-y.
Ringoir, L. et al. 2014. Prevalence of Psychological Distress in Elderly Hypertension Patients in Primary Care. Netherlands Heart Journal, 22 (2): 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-013-0502-z.
Romppel, M. et al. 2012. Six Year Stability of Type-D Personality in a German Cohort of Cardiac Patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 72 (2): 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.11.009.
Steca, P. et al. 2016. A Type A and Type D Combined Personality Typology in Essential Hypertension and Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: Associations with Demographic, Psychological, Clinical, and Lifestyle Indicators. PloS One, 11 (9): e0161840–e0161840. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161840.
WHO. 2017. Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2017, World Health Organization 2017. Geneva: WHO. https://doi.org/10.2766/120051.