Analysis On the Attitude Towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help
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Abstract
Failure to obtain mental health assistance from professional services can lead to wider treatment gaps and serious effects. People with mental health problems are encouraged to access mental health services for early assessment and intervention to promote their psychological well-being. This study was intended to evaluate the attitude towards professional help-seeking by considering demographic factors. This research was conducted through a quantitative approach using the ATSPPH-SF as the main instrument. A total of 590 respondents (male 150, x̅ age 24,16) participated voluntarily by filling out an online survey. The result found that the highest frequency of the respondents’ attitude was in the moderate category. This study also found that the attitude towards professional help-seeking was significantly different by gender (p<0,05), but there were no differences by ethnic group (Javanese, Minahasa, Sundanese), ages, and monthly expenses (p>0,05). This study shows that many Indonesians have not relied on professionals as the main source in solving mental health problems.
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How to Cite
Nurdiyanto, F., Wodong, G., & Wulandari, R. (2023). Analysis On the Attitude Towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help. Unnes Journal of Public Health, 12(1), 38-45. https://doi.org/10.15294/ujph.v12i1.51157
References
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Anjara, S. G. et al. (2019) ‘Can General Practitioners manage mental disorders in primary care? A partially randomised, pragmatic, cluster trial’, PLoS ONE, 14(11), pp. 1–26. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224724.
Call, J. B. and Shafer, K. (2018) ‘Gendered manifestations of depression and help seeking among men’, American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(1), pp. 41–51. doi: 10.1177/1557988315623993.
Cheng, H. L., Mcdermott, R. C. and Lopez, F. G. (2015) ‘Mental health, self-stigma, and help-seeking intentions among emerging adults: An attachment perspective’, The Counseling Psychologist, 43(3), pp. 463–487. doi: 10.1177/0011000014568203.
Choudhry, F. R. et al. (2016) ‘Beliefs and perception about mental health issues: A meta-synthesis’, Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 12, pp. 2807–2818. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S111543.
Davey, C. G. and Mcgorry, P. D. (2018) ‘Early intervention for depression in young people: A blind spot in mental health care’, The Lancet Psychiatry, 0366(18), pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30292-X.
Findlay, L. C. and Sunderland, A. (2014) Professional and informal mental health support reported by Canadians aged 15 to 24. Available at: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2014012/article/14126-eng.htm.
Fischer, E. H. and Farina, A. (1995) ‘Attitudes toward seeking professional psychologial help: A shortened form and considerations for research’, Journal of College Student Development, 36(4), pp. 368–373.
Ghio, L. et al. (2015) ‘Duration of untreated depression influences clinical outcomes and disability’, Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, pp. 224–228. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.014.
Gronholm, P. C. et al. (2017) ‘Mental health-related stigma and pathways to care for people at risk of psychotic disorders or experiencing first-episode psychosis: A systematic review’, Psychological Medicine, 47(11), pp. 1867–1879. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717000344.
Han, J. (2017) Professional help seeking for suicidal ideation among Chinese and Australian university students. (Doctoral dissertation) Australian National University. Available at: https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/141152.
Ho, G. W. K. et al. (2018) ‘Depression literacy and health-seeking attitudes in the Western Pacific region: A mixed-methods study’, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53(10), pp. 1039–1049. doi: 10.1007/s00127-018-1538-6.
Hsu, C. C. and Chan, H. Y. (2018) ‘Factors associated with prolonged length of stay in the psychiatric emergency service’, PLoS ONE, 13(8), pp. 1–18. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202569.
Human Rights Watch (2016) Living in hell: Abuses against people with psychosocial disabilities in Indonesia. Jakarta: Human Rights Watch. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/id/report/2016/03/20/287718.
Idaiani, S. (2016) ‘Penyakit-penyakit di bidang psikiatri yang harus dituntaskan di puskesmas’, Jurnal Kebijakan Kesehatan Indonesia, 5(4), pp. 168–175.
Jorm, A. F. (2015) ‘Why we need the concept of “Mental Health Literacy”’, Health Communication, 30(12), pp. 1166–1168. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2015.1037423.
Kementerian Kesehatan RI (2018) Riset kesehatan dasar 2018. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Available at: http://kesmas.kemkes.go.id/assets/upload/dir_519d41d8cd98f00/files/Hasil-riskesdas-2018_1274.pdf.
Lam, L. C. W. et al. (2015) ‘Prevalence, psychosocial correlates and service utilization of depressive and anxiety disorders in Hong Kong: the Hong Kong Mental Morbidity Survey (HKMMS)’, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(9), pp. 1379–1388. doi: 10.1007/s00127-015-1014-5.
Lynch, L., Long, M. and Moorhead, A. (2018) ‘Young men, help-seeking, and mental health services: Exploring barriers and solutions’, American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(1), pp. 138–149. doi: 10.1177/1557988315619469.
Marchira, C. R. et al. (2016) ‘The association between duration of untreated psychosis in first psychotic episode patients and help seeking behaviors in Jogjakarta, Indonesia’, International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 9(2), pp. 120–126. doi: 10.1080/17542863.2015.1103276.
Mitchell, C., McMillan, B. and Hagan, T. (2017) ‘Mental health help-seeking behaviours in young adults’, British Journal of General Practice, 67(654), pp. 8–9. doi: 10.3399/bjgp17X688453.
Murru, A. and Carpiniello, B. (2018) ‘Duration of untreated illness as a key to early intervention in schizophrenia: A review’, Neuroscience Letters, 669, pp. 59–67. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.10.003.
Nearchou, F. A. et al. (2018) ‘Personal and perceived public mental-health stigma as predictors of help-seeking intentions in adolescents’, Journal of Adolescence, 66(May), pp. 83–90. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.05.003.
Nguyen, P. V. et al. (2018) ‘Do Asian American young adults differ in their help seeking compared to older adults? Help seeking patterns and predictors’, Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 5(2), pp. 1–15. doi: 10.29333/ejecs/124.
Panis, M. P., Damayanti, Y. and Keraf, M. K. P. A. (2019) ‘Coping strategies, personality type, and help-seeking behavior for mental health problems’, Journal of Health and Behavioral Science, 1(2), pp. 98–105. doi: 10.35508/jhbs.v1i2.2087.
Patel, R. et al. (2015) ‘Delays before diagnosis and initiation of treatment in patients presenting to mental health services with bipolar disorder’, PLoS ONE, 10(5), pp. 1–17. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126530.
Pocklington, C. (2017) ‘Depression in older adults’, British Jornal of Medical Practioners, 10(1), p. a1007.
Pribadi, T. et al. (2020) ‘Factors associated with internalized stigma for Indonesian individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia in a community setting’, Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 27(5), pp. 584–594. doi: 10.1111/jpm.12611.
Rasyida, A. (2019) ‘Faktor yang menjadi hambatan untuk mencari bantuan psikologis formal di kalangan mahasiswa’, Persona: Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 8(2), pp. 193–207. doi: 10.30996/persona.v8i2.2586.
Rehm, J. and Shield, K. D. (2019) ‘Global burden of disease and the impact of mental and addictive disorders’, Current Psychiatry Reports, 21(2). doi: 10.1007/s11920-019-0997-0.
Rickwood, D. and Thomas, K. (2012) ‘Conceptual measurement framework for help-seeking for mental health problems’, Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 5, pp. 173–183. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S38707.
Seamark, D. and Gabriel, L. (2018) ‘Barriers to support: A qualitative exploration into the help-seeking and avoidance factors of young adults’, British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 46(1), pp. 120–131. doi: 10.1080/03069885.2016.1213372.
Seidler, Z. E. et al. (2016) ‘The role of masculinity in men’s help-seeking for depression: A systematic review’, Clinical Psychology Review, 49, pp. 106–118. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.002.
Shidhaye, R., Lund, C. and Chisholm, D. (2015) ‘Closing the treatment gap for mental, neurological and substance use disorders by strengthening existing health care platforms: Strategies for delivery and integration of evidence-based interventions’, International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 9(1), pp. 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s13033-015-0031-9.
Staiger, T. et al. (2017) ‘Barriers and facilitators of help-seeking among unemployed persons with mental health problems: A qualitative study’, BMC Health Services Research, 17(1), pp. 1–9. doi: 10.1186/s12913-017-1997-6.
Vigo, D., Thornicroft, G. and Atun, R. (2018) ‘Estimating the true global burden of mental illness’, The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(2), pp. 171–178. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00505-2.
WHO (2019) Suicide in the world: Global health estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/326948/WHO-MSD-MER-19.3-eng.pdf.
Wuthrich, V. M. and Frei, J. (2015) ‘Barriers to treatment for older adults seeking psychological therapy’, International Psychogeriatrics, 27(7), pp. 1227–1236. doi: 10.1017/S1041610215000241.
Yu, Y. et al. (2015) ‘Mental health help-seeking intentions and preferences of rural Chinese adults’, PLoS ONE, 10(11), pp. 1–16. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141889.
Zalat, M. M., Mortada, E. M. and El Seifi, O. S. (2019) ‘Stigma and attitude of mental health help-seeking among a sample of working versus non-working Egyptian women’, Community Mental Health Journal, 55(3), pp. 519–526. doi: 10.1007/s10597-018-0298-9.
Anjara, S. G. et al. (2019) ‘Can General Practitioners manage mental disorders in primary care? A partially randomised, pragmatic, cluster trial’, PLoS ONE, 14(11), pp. 1–26. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224724.
Call, J. B. and Shafer, K. (2018) ‘Gendered manifestations of depression and help seeking among men’, American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(1), pp. 41–51. doi: 10.1177/1557988315623993.
Cheng, H. L., Mcdermott, R. C. and Lopez, F. G. (2015) ‘Mental health, self-stigma, and help-seeking intentions among emerging adults: An attachment perspective’, The Counseling Psychologist, 43(3), pp. 463–487. doi: 10.1177/0011000014568203.
Choudhry, F. R. et al. (2016) ‘Beliefs and perception about mental health issues: A meta-synthesis’, Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 12, pp. 2807–2818. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S111543.
Davey, C. G. and Mcgorry, P. D. (2018) ‘Early intervention for depression in young people: A blind spot in mental health care’, The Lancet Psychiatry, 0366(18), pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30292-X.
Findlay, L. C. and Sunderland, A. (2014) Professional and informal mental health support reported by Canadians aged 15 to 24. Available at: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2014012/article/14126-eng.htm.
Fischer, E. H. and Farina, A. (1995) ‘Attitudes toward seeking professional psychologial help: A shortened form and considerations for research’, Journal of College Student Development, 36(4), pp. 368–373.
Ghio, L. et al. (2015) ‘Duration of untreated depression influences clinical outcomes and disability’, Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, pp. 224–228. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.014.
Gronholm, P. C. et al. (2017) ‘Mental health-related stigma and pathways to care for people at risk of psychotic disorders or experiencing first-episode psychosis: A systematic review’, Psychological Medicine, 47(11), pp. 1867–1879. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717000344.
Han, J. (2017) Professional help seeking for suicidal ideation among Chinese and Australian university students. (Doctoral dissertation) Australian National University. Available at: https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/141152.
Ho, G. W. K. et al. (2018) ‘Depression literacy and health-seeking attitudes in the Western Pacific region: A mixed-methods study’, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53(10), pp. 1039–1049. doi: 10.1007/s00127-018-1538-6.
Hsu, C. C. and Chan, H. Y. (2018) ‘Factors associated with prolonged length of stay in the psychiatric emergency service’, PLoS ONE, 13(8), pp. 1–18. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202569.
Human Rights Watch (2016) Living in hell: Abuses against people with psychosocial disabilities in Indonesia. Jakarta: Human Rights Watch. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/id/report/2016/03/20/287718.
Idaiani, S. (2016) ‘Penyakit-penyakit di bidang psikiatri yang harus dituntaskan di puskesmas’, Jurnal Kebijakan Kesehatan Indonesia, 5(4), pp. 168–175.
Jorm, A. F. (2015) ‘Why we need the concept of “Mental Health Literacy”’, Health Communication, 30(12), pp. 1166–1168. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2015.1037423.
Kementerian Kesehatan RI (2018) Riset kesehatan dasar 2018. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Available at: http://kesmas.kemkes.go.id/assets/upload/dir_519d41d8cd98f00/files/Hasil-riskesdas-2018_1274.pdf.
Lam, L. C. W. et al. (2015) ‘Prevalence, psychosocial correlates and service utilization of depressive and anxiety disorders in Hong Kong: the Hong Kong Mental Morbidity Survey (HKMMS)’, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(9), pp. 1379–1388. doi: 10.1007/s00127-015-1014-5.
Lynch, L., Long, M. and Moorhead, A. (2018) ‘Young men, help-seeking, and mental health services: Exploring barriers and solutions’, American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(1), pp. 138–149. doi: 10.1177/1557988315619469.
Marchira, C. R. et al. (2016) ‘The association between duration of untreated psychosis in first psychotic episode patients and help seeking behaviors in Jogjakarta, Indonesia’, International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 9(2), pp. 120–126. doi: 10.1080/17542863.2015.1103276.
Mitchell, C., McMillan, B. and Hagan, T. (2017) ‘Mental health help-seeking behaviours in young adults’, British Journal of General Practice, 67(654), pp. 8–9. doi: 10.3399/bjgp17X688453.
Murru, A. and Carpiniello, B. (2018) ‘Duration of untreated illness as a key to early intervention in schizophrenia: A review’, Neuroscience Letters, 669, pp. 59–67. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.10.003.
Nearchou, F. A. et al. (2018) ‘Personal and perceived public mental-health stigma as predictors of help-seeking intentions in adolescents’, Journal of Adolescence, 66(May), pp. 83–90. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.05.003.
Nguyen, P. V. et al. (2018) ‘Do Asian American young adults differ in their help seeking compared to older adults? Help seeking patterns and predictors’, Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 5(2), pp. 1–15. doi: 10.29333/ejecs/124.
Panis, M. P., Damayanti, Y. and Keraf, M. K. P. A. (2019) ‘Coping strategies, personality type, and help-seeking behavior for mental health problems’, Journal of Health and Behavioral Science, 1(2), pp. 98–105. doi: 10.35508/jhbs.v1i2.2087.
Patel, R. et al. (2015) ‘Delays before diagnosis and initiation of treatment in patients presenting to mental health services with bipolar disorder’, PLoS ONE, 10(5), pp. 1–17. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126530.
Pocklington, C. (2017) ‘Depression in older adults’, British Jornal of Medical Practioners, 10(1), p. a1007.
Pribadi, T. et al. (2020) ‘Factors associated with internalized stigma for Indonesian individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia in a community setting’, Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 27(5), pp. 584–594. doi: 10.1111/jpm.12611.
Rasyida, A. (2019) ‘Faktor yang menjadi hambatan untuk mencari bantuan psikologis formal di kalangan mahasiswa’, Persona: Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 8(2), pp. 193–207. doi: 10.30996/persona.v8i2.2586.
Rehm, J. and Shield, K. D. (2019) ‘Global burden of disease and the impact of mental and addictive disorders’, Current Psychiatry Reports, 21(2). doi: 10.1007/s11920-019-0997-0.
Rickwood, D. and Thomas, K. (2012) ‘Conceptual measurement framework for help-seeking for mental health problems’, Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 5, pp. 173–183. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S38707.
Seamark, D. and Gabriel, L. (2018) ‘Barriers to support: A qualitative exploration into the help-seeking and avoidance factors of young adults’, British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 46(1), pp. 120–131. doi: 10.1080/03069885.2016.1213372.
Seidler, Z. E. et al. (2016) ‘The role of masculinity in men’s help-seeking for depression: A systematic review’, Clinical Psychology Review, 49, pp. 106–118. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.002.
Shidhaye, R., Lund, C. and Chisholm, D. (2015) ‘Closing the treatment gap for mental, neurological and substance use disorders by strengthening existing health care platforms: Strategies for delivery and integration of evidence-based interventions’, International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 9(1), pp. 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s13033-015-0031-9.
Staiger, T. et al. (2017) ‘Barriers and facilitators of help-seeking among unemployed persons with mental health problems: A qualitative study’, BMC Health Services Research, 17(1), pp. 1–9. doi: 10.1186/s12913-017-1997-6.
Vigo, D., Thornicroft, G. and Atun, R. (2018) ‘Estimating the true global burden of mental illness’, The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(2), pp. 171–178. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00505-2.
WHO (2019) Suicide in the world: Global health estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/326948/WHO-MSD-MER-19.3-eng.pdf.
Wuthrich, V. M. and Frei, J. (2015) ‘Barriers to treatment for older adults seeking psychological therapy’, International Psychogeriatrics, 27(7), pp. 1227–1236. doi: 10.1017/S1041610215000241.
Yu, Y. et al. (2015) ‘Mental health help-seeking intentions and preferences of rural Chinese adults’, PLoS ONE, 10(11), pp. 1–16. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141889.
Zalat, M. M., Mortada, E. M. and El Seifi, O. S. (2019) ‘Stigma and attitude of mental health help-seeking among a sample of working versus non-working Egyptian women’, Community Mental Health Journal, 55(3), pp. 519–526. doi: 10.1007/s10597-018-0298-9.