Early Marriage in Women and the Risk of Low Birth Weight
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Abstract
Neonatal mortality, largely caused by Low Birth Weight (LBW), is a big challenge in Grobogan district, Central Java. For instance, the year 2020 recorded 111 infant mortality cases due to LBW. The following year, an additional 63 cases were reported from January- July bringing the total to 174 instances recorded in less than two years. Early marriage in women has been touted as the cause of the high LBW witnessed. Notably, Law Number 16 of 2019 set the base age at 19 years for marriage for both men and women. Statistics show that a total of 380 women got married at 19 years in 2020. However, the cases have significantly heightened to 453 in the year 2021. The research sample for this study was drawn from babies born to women aged 30 and below. The data was analyzed using the Chi-square test, whose results confirmed that residence, level of education, and employment status were related to the incidence of early marriage in women. Furthermore, it was found that women who married at 20 years and below had a greater risk (1,728 times) compared to those who gave birth between 20-30 years.
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How to Cite
Azinar, M., Fibriana, A. I., Nisa, A. A., Rahfiludin, M. Z., Indrianto, G. S., Sholahuddin, I., Tamalla, P. N., & Permatasari, C. (2022). Early Marriage in Women and the Risk of Low Birth Weight. Unnes Journal of Public Health, 11(1), 75-81. https://doi.org/10.15294/ujph.v11i1.51231
References
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Demelash et al. 2015. Risk Factors for Low Birth Weight in Bale Zone Hospitals, South-East Ethiopia: A Case–Control Study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15: 264. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0677-y
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Figueiredo et al. 2018. Maternal Anemia and Low Birth Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis. Nutrients, 10 (5): 601. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu10050601
Islam, M.M. 2015. Increasing Incidence of Infants with Low Birth Weight in Oman. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 15 (2): 177–183. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4450779/
Mahumud, R.A., Sultana, M. & Sarker, A.R. 2017. Distribution and Determinants of Low Birth Weight in Developing Countries. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 50 (1): 18-28. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.087
Manyeh et al. 2016. Socioeconomic and Demographic Determinants of Birth Weight in Southern Rural Ghana: Evidence from Dodowa Health and Demographic Surveillance System. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16 (160). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0956-2
Mengesha, H.G., Wuneh, A.D., Weldearegawi, B. & Selvakumar, D.L. 2017. Low Birth Weight and Macrosomia in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: who are the mothers at risk?. BMC Pediatrics, 17 (144). 10.1186/s12887-017-0901-1
Nour, N.M. 2006. Health Consequences of Childmarriage in Africa. Emerging Infectious Disease, 12 (11): 1644–1649. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3372345/
Owa, K., Putra, I.W.G.A.E. & Windiani, I.G.A.T. 2017. Risk Factors for Low-Birth-Weight Infants in East Nusa Tenggara. Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive, 5 (1): 49-54. https://doi.org/10.15562/phpma.v5i1.40
Paliwal et al. 2013. Risk Factors Associated with Low Birth Weight in Newborns: A Tertiary Care Hospital based Study. International Journal of Current Research and Review, 5 (11): 42–48. http://ijcrr.com/uploads/1318_pdf.pdf
Paul, P. 2019. Child Marriage and Its Association with Morbidity and Mortality of Children Under 5 Years Old: Evidence from India. Journal of Public Health: From Theory to Practice, 28: 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-019-01038-8
Rahfiludin, M.Z. & Dharmawan, Y. 2018. Risk Factors Associated with Low Birth Weight. Kesmas: National Public Health Journal, 13 (2): 75-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v13i2.1719
Raj et al. 2010. The Effect of Maternal Child Marriage on Morbidity and Mortality of Children Under 5 in India: Cross Sectional Study of a Nationally Representative Sample. BMJ, 340: b4258. https://www.bmj.com/content/340/bmj.b4258
Santhya, K.G. 2011. Early Marriage and Sexual and Reproductive Health Vulnerabilities of Young Women: A Synthesis of Recent Evidence from Developing Countries. Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 23 (5): 334-339. https://doi.org/10.1097/gco.0b013e32834a93d2
Wilonoyudho, S. & Salim, L.A. 2020. Social Impacts of Child Marriage in Grobogan Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Medico Legal Update, 20 (4): 513-518. https://ijop.net/index.php/mlu/article/view/1869
Yadav, D.K., Chaudhary, U. & Shrestha, N. 2011. Risk Factors Associated with Low Birth Weight. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 9 (19): 159-164. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22929846/
Badan Pusat Statistik. 2020. Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) tahun 2017 (Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS)). Jakarta: BPS.
Chrisman et al. 2016. Prevalence of Very Low Birthweight, Malformation, and Low Apgar Score among New¬borns in Brazil According to Maternal Urban or Rural Residence at Birth. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research, 42 (5): 496-504. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.12946
Dasgupta, A. & Basu, R. 2011. Determinants of Low Birth Weight in a Block of Hooghly, West Bengal: A Multivariate Analysis. International Journal of Biological & Medical Research, 2 (4): 838-842. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.302.1435&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Demelash et al. 2015. Risk Factors for Low Birth Weight in Bale Zone Hospitals, South-East Ethiopia: A Case–Control Study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15: 264. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0677-y
Dinas Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak (DP3A) Jateng (Central Java Office of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection). 2020. Data Pernikahan Anak di Bawah Umur di Provinsi Jawa Tengah Tahun 2020. Semarang: DP3A Jateng.
Figueiredo et al. 2018. Maternal Anemia and Low Birth Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis. Nutrients, 10 (5): 601. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu10050601
Islam, M.M. 2015. Increasing Incidence of Infants with Low Birth Weight in Oman. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 15 (2): 177–183. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4450779/
Mahumud, R.A., Sultana, M. & Sarker, A.R. 2017. Distribution and Determinants of Low Birth Weight in Developing Countries. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 50 (1): 18-28. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.087
Manyeh et al. 2016. Socioeconomic and Demographic Determinants of Birth Weight in Southern Rural Ghana: Evidence from Dodowa Health and Demographic Surveillance System. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16 (160). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0956-2
Mengesha, H.G., Wuneh, A.D., Weldearegawi, B. & Selvakumar, D.L. 2017. Low Birth Weight and Macrosomia in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: who are the mothers at risk?. BMC Pediatrics, 17 (144). 10.1186/s12887-017-0901-1
Nour, N.M. 2006. Health Consequences of Childmarriage in Africa. Emerging Infectious Disease, 12 (11): 1644–1649. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3372345/
Owa, K., Putra, I.W.G.A.E. & Windiani, I.G.A.T. 2017. Risk Factors for Low-Birth-Weight Infants in East Nusa Tenggara. Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive, 5 (1): 49-54. https://doi.org/10.15562/phpma.v5i1.40
Paliwal et al. 2013. Risk Factors Associated with Low Birth Weight in Newborns: A Tertiary Care Hospital based Study. International Journal of Current Research and Review, 5 (11): 42–48. http://ijcrr.com/uploads/1318_pdf.pdf
Paul, P. 2019. Child Marriage and Its Association with Morbidity and Mortality of Children Under 5 Years Old: Evidence from India. Journal of Public Health: From Theory to Practice, 28: 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-019-01038-8
Rahfiludin, M.Z. & Dharmawan, Y. 2018. Risk Factors Associated with Low Birth Weight. Kesmas: National Public Health Journal, 13 (2): 75-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v13i2.1719
Raj et al. 2010. The Effect of Maternal Child Marriage on Morbidity and Mortality of Children Under 5 in India: Cross Sectional Study of a Nationally Representative Sample. BMJ, 340: b4258. https://www.bmj.com/content/340/bmj.b4258
Santhya, K.G. 2011. Early Marriage and Sexual and Reproductive Health Vulnerabilities of Young Women: A Synthesis of Recent Evidence from Developing Countries. Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 23 (5): 334-339. https://doi.org/10.1097/gco.0b013e32834a93d2
Wilonoyudho, S. & Salim, L.A. 2020. Social Impacts of Child Marriage in Grobogan Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Medico Legal Update, 20 (4): 513-518. https://ijop.net/index.php/mlu/article/view/1869
Yadav, D.K., Chaudhary, U. & Shrestha, N. 2011. Risk Factors Associated with Low Birth Weight. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 9 (19): 159-164. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22929846/