The Changes in Hydration Status and Blood Glucose Levels of Young Football Athletes Who were Given Chia Seeds (Salvia hispanica, L.) Based Sports Energy Gel
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Abstract
An athlete's hydration status is greatly affected by the adequacy of fluids and electrolytes during a workout. This study aimed to formulate a chia seed-based sports drink and analyzed its effect on hydration status and changes in blood glucose levels in football athletes. This experimental study on 46 young football athletes from Tyrex Java Semarang club was selected using a simple random sampling method. There are P(0)=control group (given 300mL placebo); and P(1)=treatment group (given 300 mL chia seed's sport energy gel). Administering placebo and treatment are done 45 minutes before exercise. Bodyweight and blood sugar level measurements are done 30 minutes before exercise and at 120 minutes. There were significant differences in the hydration status of study subjects before and after exercise (p=0.022), but the blood glucose level was not significant (p=0.413). However, the blood glucose level appeared to differ significantly (p=0.0001) between the control and treatment groups. As for changes in hydration status (kg and %) between the control group and treatment showed no sig-nificant differences (p=0.807 and 0.771). The conclusion is that giving chia seed's sports energy drink before exercise can maintain the blood glucose levels even though it does not impact the hydration status of athletes.
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How to Cite
Lestari, Y., Farida, E., Candra, A. R., Amin, N., & Fauzi, N. (2024). The Changes in Hydration Status and Blood Glucose Levels of Young Football Athletes Who were Given Chia Seeds (Salvia hispanica, L.) Based Sports Energy Gel. Unnes Journal of Public Health, 13(1), 86-94. https://doi.org/10.15294/ujph.v13i1.62739
References
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Andria, Y., The effect of isotonic drink and banana on blood glucose levels of universitas negeri padang tennis athletes, Sporta Saintika, Vol 4, No 2, pp. 77-83, 2019. https://doi.org/10.24036/SPORTA.V4I2.116.
Armstrong, L.E., Assessing hydration status: the elusive gold standard, J Am Coll Nutr., Vol 26, No 5 Suppl, pp. 575S-584S, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2007.10719661.
Ayerza, R., Seed composition of two chia (Salvia hispanica L.) genotypes which differ in seed color, Emirates J Food Agric., Vol 25, No 7, pp. 495–500, 2013.
Belval, L.N., Hosokawa, Y., Casa, D.J., Adams, W.M., Armstrong, L.E., Baker, L.B., et al., Practical hydration solutions for sports, Nutrients, Vol 11, No 7, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU11071550.
Budiman, S.T., and Ray, H.R.D., The comparison of the effect of coconut water and isotonic beverages on the hydration level of basketball athletes, J. Ilmu Faal Olahraga Indones., Vol 2, No 1, pp. 12-19, 2019.
Cardozo, M.C.J., Castañeda, J.C.A., and Ripoll, R.C.S., Development of mango (Mangifera indica L.) energy drinks, Rev Fac Nac Agron Medellin., Vol 70, No 1, pp. 8115–8121, 2017.
Carretero-Krug, A., Úbeda, N., Velasco, C., Medina-Font, J., Laguna, T.T., Varela-Moreiras, G., et al., Hydration status, body composition, and anxiety status in aeronautical military personnel from Spain: a cross-sectional study, Mil Med Res., Vol 8, No 1, pp. 1–9, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40779-021-00327-2/TABLES/4
Cheuvront, S.N., and Kenefick, R.W., Dehydration: physiology, assessment, and performance effects, Compr Physiol., Vol 4, No 1, pp. 257–85, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1002/CPHY.C130017
Coyle, E.F., Fluid and fuel intake during exercise, J Sports Sci., Vol 22, No 1, pp. 39-55, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000140545.
Dwita, L.P., Amalia, L., Iwo, M.I., and Bahri, S., Rehydration effect coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) using on rower athletes stamina, Farmasains, Vol 2, No 5, pp. 229-233, 2015.
Fauzi, N., & Mardiana, M. (2022). The Effect of Sports Drink Gel Treatment from Chia Seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) on the VO2 Max Capacity of Football and Futsal Players. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 17(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2022.17.1.19-26
Garcia-Jiménez, J.V., Yuste, J.L., Garcia-Pellicer, J.J., Pérez-Jorge, J.A., and Löpez-Román, F.J., Hydration habits in elite futsal players during official games, Jpn J Phys Fit Sport Med., Vol 60, No 3, pp. 311–318, 2011.
Grancieri, M., Martino, H.S.D., and Gonzalez de Mejia, E., Chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) as a source of proteins and bioactive peptides with health benefits: a review, Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf., Vol 18, No 2, pp. 480–99, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12423.
Gujar, M.V., and Gala, M.B., Product development, biochemical and organoleptic analysis of a sports drink, IOSR J Sport Phys Educ., Vol 1, No 4, pp. 1–5, 2014. https://doi.org/10.9790/6737-0140105.
Immawati, A., The effect of giving sport drink on performance and skills tests in football athletes aged 15-18 years. Undergraduate Thesis, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, January 1, 2011.
Kamal, R. H., Wigati, K. W., & Lefi, A. (2020). the Similar Changes of Glucose Levels Before and After Moderate Intensity Exercise Acutely in the Morning and Evening. Majalah Biomorfologi, 30(2), 39. https://doi.org/10.20473/mbiom.v30i2.2020.39-44
Koma, R., & Terasawa, N. (2020). Pre-exercise glucose ingestion may improve endurance capacity in east asian student athletes with lower blood glucose response. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 66(2), 150–157. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.66.150
Kulczyński, B., Kobus-Cisowska, J., Taczanowski, M., Kmiecik, D., and Gramza-Michałowska, A., The chemical composition and nutritional value of chia seeds-current state of knowledge, Nutrients, Vol 11, No 6, pp. 1-16, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU11061242.
Kurdak, S.S., Shirreffs, S.M., Maughan, R.J., Ozgünen, K.T., Zeren, Ç., Korkmaz, S., et al., Hydration and sweating responses to hot-weather football competition, Scand J Med Sci Sports., Vol 20, No Suppl. 3, pp. 133–139, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1600-0838.2010.01218.X.
Kusnandar, F., Safari, A., and Syamsir, E., Physical characteristics of Chia seed based beverage model as the effects of heating process, pH changes, sugar, and salt addition, Indones J Food Qual., Vol 7, No 1, pp. 21–29, 2020. https://doi.org/10.29244/JMPI.2020.7.1.21.
Lesmana, H., Lesmana, H.S., and Broto, E.P., Blood Glucose Profile Before, After Subaxial Physical Exercise and The Recovery Phase in Students of the Faculty of Sports Sciences UNP, Media Ilmu Keolahragaan Indones., Vol 8, No 2, pp. 44–48, 2019. https://doi.org/10.15294/miki.v8i2.12726
Lestari, Y. N., Farida, E., Amin, N., Afridah, W., Fitriyah, F. K., & Sunanto, S. (2021). Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica l.): Can they be used as ingredients in making sports energy gel? Gels, 7(4), 1–14.
Lestari, Y.N., Farida, E., Fauzi, N., and Fikri, F.F., Analysis of physicochemical and sensory quality of chia seeds sport energy gel (Salvia hispanica, L.) during storage, Proceeding of The 5th International Seminar of Public Health and Education, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, July 22, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.22-7-2020.2300325.
Maughan, R.J., Shirreffs, S.M., Merson, S.J., and Horswill, C.A., Fluid and electrolyte balance in elite male football (soccer) players training in a cool environment, J Sports Sci., Vol 23, No 1, pp. 73–79, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410410001730115.
Mohammed, M., Identify the Tests to Measure Physical Characteristics and Basic Skills for the Football Players in Iraq, International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science, Vol 4, No 3, 2016
Márquez Cardozo, C. J., Jiménez Castañeda, C. A., & Salazar Ripoll, C. S. Development of mango (Mangifera indica L.) energy drinks, Rev Fac Nac Agron Medellin., Vol 70, No 1, pp. 8115–8121, 2017. https://doi.org/10.15446/RFNA.V70N1.61770.
Orrù, S., Imperlini, E., Nigro, E., Alfieri, A., Cevenini, A., Polito, R., et al., Role of functional beverages on sport performance and recovery, Nutrients, Vol 10, No 10, pp. 1-21, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU10101470
Ozoliņa, L., Pontaga, I., and Strēle, M. Body hydration degree changes during training in football players in winter conditions, Lase Journal Of Sport Science, Vol 4, No 2, pp. 139-146, 2013.
Prathyusha, P., Suneetha, J., Naga, M., Srujana, S., and Kumari, A., Chia seeds for nutritional security, J Pharmacogn Phytochem., Vol 8, No 3, pp. 2702-2707, 2019.
Safari, A., Kusnandar, F., and Syamsir, E., Chia seeds: characteristics of gum and its health potential, J Pangan, Vol 25, No 2, pp. 137–46, 2016. https://doi.org/10.33964/JP.V25I2.329.
Samudera P.I., and Ashadi, K., The comparison of different types of drinking water to hydration status through physical activity 5000 meters, Multilater J Pendidik Jasm dan Olahraga., Vol 18, No 1, pp. 32-40, 2019
Segura-Campos, M.R., Ciau-Solís, N., Rosado-Rubio, G., Chel-Guerrero, L., and Betancur-Ancona, D., Chemical and functional properties of chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) gum, Int J food Sci., pp. 1-5., 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/241053
Shirreffs, S.M., Hydration in sport and exercise: water, sports drinks and other drinks, Nutr Bull., Vol 34, No 4, pp. 374–379, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-3010.2009.01790.X
Silva, M.R.G., Paiva, T., and Silva, H.H., The impact of sports and energy drinks in performance, Sport Energy Drink, Vol 10, No 1, pp. 183–204, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815851-7.00006-1
Singh, S., A study to assess the physio-culinary quality of chia seeds, Int J Heal Sci Res., Vol 11, No 7, pp. 119-123, 2021. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20210717
Suna, G., and Türkay, I.K., Acute effects of carbohydrate gel and isotonic usage on power, heart rate and glucose levels in elite cyclists, Prog Nutr., Vol 22, pp. 44–49, 2020. https://doi.org/10.23751/PN.V22I1-S.9781
Abreu N.P., Bergamaschi, C.T., Di Marco, G.S., Razvickas, C.V., and Schor, N., Effect of an isotonic rehydration sports drink and exercise on urolithiasis in rats, Brazilian J Med Biol Res., Vol 38, No 4, pp. 577–82, 2005.
Amin, N., Susanto, H., and Rahfiluddin, M.Z., Pengaruh penambahan maltodekstrin dalam minuman elektrolit terhadap daya tahan jantung-paru atlet sepak bola, Gizi Indones., Vol 40, No 2, pp. 79–88, 2017.
Andria, Y., The effect of isotonic drink and banana on blood glucose levels of universitas negeri padang tennis athletes, Sporta Saintika, Vol 4, No 2, pp. 77-83, 2019. https://doi.org/10.24036/SPORTA.V4I2.116.
Armstrong, L.E., Assessing hydration status: the elusive gold standard, J Am Coll Nutr., Vol 26, No 5 Suppl, pp. 575S-584S, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2007.10719661.
Ayerza, R., Seed composition of two chia (Salvia hispanica L.) genotypes which differ in seed color, Emirates J Food Agric., Vol 25, No 7, pp. 495–500, 2013.
Belval, L.N., Hosokawa, Y., Casa, D.J., Adams, W.M., Armstrong, L.E., Baker, L.B., et al., Practical hydration solutions for sports, Nutrients, Vol 11, No 7, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU11071550.
Budiman, S.T., and Ray, H.R.D., The comparison of the effect of coconut water and isotonic beverages on the hydration level of basketball athletes, J. Ilmu Faal Olahraga Indones., Vol 2, No 1, pp. 12-19, 2019.
Cardozo, M.C.J., Castañeda, J.C.A., and Ripoll, R.C.S., Development of mango (Mangifera indica L.) energy drinks, Rev Fac Nac Agron Medellin., Vol 70, No 1, pp. 8115–8121, 2017.
Carretero-Krug, A., Úbeda, N., Velasco, C., Medina-Font, J., Laguna, T.T., Varela-Moreiras, G., et al., Hydration status, body composition, and anxiety status in aeronautical military personnel from Spain: a cross-sectional study, Mil Med Res., Vol 8, No 1, pp. 1–9, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40779-021-00327-2/TABLES/4
Cheuvront, S.N., and Kenefick, R.W., Dehydration: physiology, assessment, and performance effects, Compr Physiol., Vol 4, No 1, pp. 257–85, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1002/CPHY.C130017
Coyle, E.F., Fluid and fuel intake during exercise, J Sports Sci., Vol 22, No 1, pp. 39-55, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000140545.
Dwita, L.P., Amalia, L., Iwo, M.I., and Bahri, S., Rehydration effect coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) using on rower athletes stamina, Farmasains, Vol 2, No 5, pp. 229-233, 2015.
Fauzi, N., & Mardiana, M. (2022). The Effect of Sports Drink Gel Treatment from Chia Seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) on the VO2 Max Capacity of Football and Futsal Players. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 17(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2022.17.1.19-26
Garcia-Jiménez, J.V., Yuste, J.L., Garcia-Pellicer, J.J., Pérez-Jorge, J.A., and Löpez-Román, F.J., Hydration habits in elite futsal players during official games, Jpn J Phys Fit Sport Med., Vol 60, No 3, pp. 311–318, 2011.
Grancieri, M., Martino, H.S.D., and Gonzalez de Mejia, E., Chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) as a source of proteins and bioactive peptides with health benefits: a review, Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf., Vol 18, No 2, pp. 480–99, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12423.
Gujar, M.V., and Gala, M.B., Product development, biochemical and organoleptic analysis of a sports drink, IOSR J Sport Phys Educ., Vol 1, No 4, pp. 1–5, 2014. https://doi.org/10.9790/6737-0140105.
Immawati, A., The effect of giving sport drink on performance and skills tests in football athletes aged 15-18 years. Undergraduate Thesis, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, January 1, 2011.
Kamal, R. H., Wigati, K. W., & Lefi, A. (2020). the Similar Changes of Glucose Levels Before and After Moderate Intensity Exercise Acutely in the Morning and Evening. Majalah Biomorfologi, 30(2), 39. https://doi.org/10.20473/mbiom.v30i2.2020.39-44
Koma, R., & Terasawa, N. (2020). Pre-exercise glucose ingestion may improve endurance capacity in east asian student athletes with lower blood glucose response. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 66(2), 150–157. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.66.150
Kulczyński, B., Kobus-Cisowska, J., Taczanowski, M., Kmiecik, D., and Gramza-Michałowska, A., The chemical composition and nutritional value of chia seeds-current state of knowledge, Nutrients, Vol 11, No 6, pp. 1-16, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU11061242.
Kurdak, S.S., Shirreffs, S.M., Maughan, R.J., Ozgünen, K.T., Zeren, Ç., Korkmaz, S., et al., Hydration and sweating responses to hot-weather football competition, Scand J Med Sci Sports., Vol 20, No Suppl. 3, pp. 133–139, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1600-0838.2010.01218.X.
Kusnandar, F., Safari, A., and Syamsir, E., Physical characteristics of Chia seed based beverage model as the effects of heating process, pH changes, sugar, and salt addition, Indones J Food Qual., Vol 7, No 1, pp. 21–29, 2020. https://doi.org/10.29244/JMPI.2020.7.1.21.
Lesmana, H., Lesmana, H.S., and Broto, E.P., Blood Glucose Profile Before, After Subaxial Physical Exercise and The Recovery Phase in Students of the Faculty of Sports Sciences UNP, Media Ilmu Keolahragaan Indones., Vol 8, No 2, pp. 44–48, 2019. https://doi.org/10.15294/miki.v8i2.12726
Lestari, Y. N., Farida, E., Amin, N., Afridah, W., Fitriyah, F. K., & Sunanto, S. (2021). Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica l.): Can they be used as ingredients in making sports energy gel? Gels, 7(4), 1–14.
Lestari, Y.N., Farida, E., Fauzi, N., and Fikri, F.F., Analysis of physicochemical and sensory quality of chia seeds sport energy gel (Salvia hispanica, L.) during storage, Proceeding of The 5th International Seminar of Public Health and Education, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, July 22, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.22-7-2020.2300325.
Maughan, R.J., Shirreffs, S.M., Merson, S.J., and Horswill, C.A., Fluid and electrolyte balance in elite male football (soccer) players training in a cool environment, J Sports Sci., Vol 23, No 1, pp. 73–79, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410410001730115.
Mohammed, M., Identify the Tests to Measure Physical Characteristics and Basic Skills for the Football Players in Iraq, International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science, Vol 4, No 3, 2016
Márquez Cardozo, C. J., Jiménez Castañeda, C. A., & Salazar Ripoll, C. S. Development of mango (Mangifera indica L.) energy drinks, Rev Fac Nac Agron Medellin., Vol 70, No 1, pp. 8115–8121, 2017. https://doi.org/10.15446/RFNA.V70N1.61770.
Orrù, S., Imperlini, E., Nigro, E., Alfieri, A., Cevenini, A., Polito, R., et al., Role of functional beverages on sport performance and recovery, Nutrients, Vol 10, No 10, pp. 1-21, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU10101470
Ozoliņa, L., Pontaga, I., and Strēle, M. Body hydration degree changes during training in football players in winter conditions, Lase Journal Of Sport Science, Vol 4, No 2, pp. 139-146, 2013.
Prathyusha, P., Suneetha, J., Naga, M., Srujana, S., and Kumari, A., Chia seeds for nutritional security, J Pharmacogn Phytochem., Vol 8, No 3, pp. 2702-2707, 2019.
Safari, A., Kusnandar, F., and Syamsir, E., Chia seeds: characteristics of gum and its health potential, J Pangan, Vol 25, No 2, pp. 137–46, 2016. https://doi.org/10.33964/JP.V25I2.329.
Samudera P.I., and Ashadi, K., The comparison of different types of drinking water to hydration status through physical activity 5000 meters, Multilater J Pendidik Jasm dan Olahraga., Vol 18, No 1, pp. 32-40, 2019
Segura-Campos, M.R., Ciau-Solís, N., Rosado-Rubio, G., Chel-Guerrero, L., and Betancur-Ancona, D., Chemical and functional properties of chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) gum, Int J food Sci., pp. 1-5., 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/241053
Shirreffs, S.M., Hydration in sport and exercise: water, sports drinks and other drinks, Nutr Bull., Vol 34, No 4, pp. 374–379, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-3010.2009.01790.X
Silva, M.R.G., Paiva, T., and Silva, H.H., The impact of sports and energy drinks in performance, Sport Energy Drink, Vol 10, No 1, pp. 183–204, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815851-7.00006-1
Singh, S., A study to assess the physio-culinary quality of chia seeds, Int J Heal Sci Res., Vol 11, No 7, pp. 119-123, 2021. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20210717
Suna, G., and Türkay, I.K., Acute effects of carbohydrate gel and isotonic usage on power, heart rate and glucose levels in elite cyclists, Prog Nutr., Vol 22, pp. 44–49, 2020. https://doi.org/10.23751/PN.V22I1-S.9781