Distribution Of Covid-19 Based on Location Quotient (LQ) in Batang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia
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Abstract
The distribution of Covid-19 cases in the Batang regency increased to 9,924 confirmed cases from its first identification on April 4, 2020, until December 2021. The potential distribution of Covid-19 instances in 2020 and 2021 is in low land near the regency's main road access. This study aims to analyze the potential distribution of Covid-19 in an area based on environmental characteristics by a spatial approach based on location quotient (LQ) in the Batang regency for 2 consecutive years. The type of research is descriptive with a spatial explanatory design with a sample were 248 villages in the Batang regency. The results showed that 248 villages were confirmed to have Covid-19 with a very high potential distribution (LQ> 1.2) were 53 (21.4%) villages, the high potential distribution (1.05<LQ< 1.2) were 20 (8,1%) villages, the average potential distribution (0.95<LQ< 1.05) were 12 (4,8%) villages, the low potential distribution (0.80<LQ< 0.95) were 25 (10,1%) villages, and shallow potential distribution (0<LQ< 0.8) were 138 (55,6%) villages. Moran’s index showed that the pattern of Covid-19 has a significant spatial correlation with p-value < 0.01 and Z-score > 2.58 in both 2020 and 2021 with the distribution pattern forming a cluster.
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How to Cite
Isniyati, H., Pawenang, E., Affandi, M., & Lestari, Y. (2023). Distribution Of Covid-19 Based on Location Quotient (LQ) in Batang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Unnes Journal of Public Health, 12(2), 36-43. https://doi.org/10.15294/ujph.v12i2.62741
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BPS Kabupaten Batang. (2020). Kabupaten Batang dalam Angka 2020.
Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Batang. (n.d.). Info Covid-19. https://corona.batangkab.go.id/
Ehlert, A. (2021). The socio-economic determinants of COVID-19: A spatial analysis of German county level data. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 78(May), 101083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2021.101083
Ghosh, D., Sarkar, A., & Chouhan, P. (2020). COVID-19 second wave : District level study of concentration of confirmed cases and fatality in India. Environmental Challenges, 5(January).
Han, Y., Yang, L., Jia, K., Li, J., Feng, S., Chen, W., Zhao, W., & Pereira, P. (2020). COVID-19 Spatial distribution Environmental factor Spatial analysis Beijing. Science of the Total Environment, 76(January).
Hazbavi, Z., Mostfazadeh, R., Alaei, N., & Azizi, E. (2020). Spatial and temporal analysis of the COVID-19 incidence pattern in Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 14, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11499-0
Jesri, N., Saghafipour, A., Koohpaei, A., Farzinnia, B., Jooshin, M. K., Abolkheirian, S., & Sarvi, M. (2021). Mapping and Spatial Pattern Analysis of COVID-19 in Central Iran Using the Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA). BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12267-6
Kang, D., Choi, H., Kim, J., & Choi, J. (2020). Spatial epidemic dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 94(January), 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.076
Middya, A. I., & Roy, S. (2021). Geographically varying relationships of COVID-19 mortality with different factors in India. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86987-5
Nelwan, J. E. (2020). Kejadian Corona Virus Disease 2019 berdasarkan Kepadatan Penduduk dan Ketinggian Tempat per Wilayah Kecamatan. Indonesian Journal of Public Health and Community Medicine, 1(2). https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/ijphcm/article/download/29176/28572
Pascoal, R., & Rocha, H. (2022). Population density impact on COVID-19 mortality rate: A multifractal analysis using French data. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 593, 126979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2022.126979
Qi, C., Zhu, Y. C., Li, C. Y., Hu, Y. C., Liu, L. L., Zhang, D. D., Wang, X., She, K. L., Jia, Y., Liu, T. X., & Li, X. J. (2020). Epidemiological characteristics and spatial-temporal analysis of COVID-19 in Shandong Province, China. Epidemiology and Infection. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095026882000151X
Rani, D. N., Rahmawati, E. M., Safira, L., Puspitasari, R., Nugroho, R., & Maya, S. A. (2020). Kerentanan Masyarakat Kabupaten Karanganyar terhadap Coronavirus Disease-19 (Covid-19). JPIG (Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Geografi), 5(2), 144–153. https://doi.org/10.21067/jpig.v5i2.4603
Rovetta, A., & Castaldo, L. (2020). Relationships between Demographic, Geographic, and Environmental Statistics and the Spread of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Italy. Cureus, 2(11). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.11397
Scholten, H. J., & de Lepper, M. J. C. (1995). An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-31560-7_4
Simbaña-Rivera, K., Jaramillo, P. R. M., Silva, J. V. V., Gómez-Barreno, L., Campoverde, A. B. V., Novillo Cevallos, J. F., Guanoquiza, W. E. A., Guevara, S. L. C., Castro, L. G. I., Puerta, N. A. M., Guayta Valladares, A. W., Lister, A., & Ortiz-Prado, E. (2022). High-altitude is associated with better short-term survival in critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU. Plos One, 17(3), e0262423. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262423
Stephens, K. E., Chernyavskiy, P., & Bruns, D. R. (2021). Impact of altitude on COVID-19 infection and death in the United States: A modeling and observational study. PLoS ONE, 16(1 January), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245055
Sunardi, Soelistijadi, R., & Handayani, D. U. . (2005). Pemanfaatan Analisis Spasial untuk Pengolahan Data Spasial Sistem Informasi Geografi. Jurnal Teknologi Informasi DINAMIK, X(2), 108–116.
Vandoros, S., Hessel, P., Leone, T., & Avendano, M. (2013). Have health trends worsened in Greece as a result of the financial crisis? A quasi-experimental approach. European Journal of Public Health, 23(5), 727–731. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckt020
WHO. (2021). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard.
Wong, D. W. S., & Li, Y. (2020). Spreading of COVID-19: Density matters. PLoS ONE, 15(12 December), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242398
Xie, Z., Qin, Y., Li, Y., Shen, W., Zheng, Z., & Liu, S. (2020). Spatial and temporal differentiation of COVID-19 epidemic spread in mainland China and its influencing factors. Science of the Total Environment, 744, 140929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140929