Tuberculosis Risk Mapping in Yogyakarta, Indonesia : An Ecological Study
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Abstract
Abstract
Environmental, demographics, geography, to health system-related aspects can influence the incidence of tuberculosis. The objectives of this study are to know the correlation between environmental, health services and population-related variables with tuberculosis incidence rate and map the tuberculosis risk distribution in 78 sub-districts in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. This study is a cross-sectional study with an ecological approach and using a mapping approach. Variables in this study include population density, altitude, tuberculosis treatment success rate, health facilities, health personnel, education, and population growth rate. Data in this study were analyzed using univariate and bivariate (Rank Spearman) tests, then depicted in a map. There are correlations between population density, education, population growth rate, altitude, and health facilities with tuberculosis incidence rate (r = 0.663, 0.654, -0.495, -0.274, and -0.267). Tuberculosis treatment success rate and health personnel show no correlation with tuberculosis incidence rate (r = -0.020; -0.002). Strengthening of TB programs and cross-sectoral measures are needed to control TB, especially in high-risk areas. Research on other ecological-related factors and further spatial analysis can also be carried out to provide input for TB control.
Abstrak
Aspek lingkungan, demografi, geografi, hingga aspek terkait sistem kesehatan dapat mempengaruhi kejadian tuberkulosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara variabel terkait lingkungan, pelayanan kesehatan, dan populasi dengan kejadian tuberkulosis serta memetakan distribusi risiko tuberkulosis di 78 kecamatan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross-sectional dengan pendekatan ekologi dan pemetaan. Variabel dalam penelitian ini yaitu kepadatan penduduk, ketinggian wilayah, keberhasilan pengobatan tuberkulosis, fasilitas kesehatan, tenaga kesehatan, pendidikan, dan laju pertumbuhan penduduk. Data dalam penelitian ini dianalisis dengan uji univariat dan bivariat (Rank Spearman), kemudian digambarkan dalam peta. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan adanya korelasi antara kepadatan penduduk, pendidikan, laju pertumbuhan penduduk, ketinggian wilayah, dan fasilitas kesehatan dengan incidence rate (IR) tuberkulosis (TB) (r = 0.663, 0.654, -0.495 -0.274, and -0.267). Tidak ada korelasi antara angka keberhasilan pengobatan tuberkulosis dan tenaga kesehatan dengan IR TB (r = -0.020; -0.002). Penguatan pelaksanaan program TB serta upaya lintas sektor diperlukan untuk pengendalian TB terutama di wilayah dengan risiko yang tinggi. Penelitian mengenai faktor lain terkait ekologi dan analisis spasial lebih lanjut juga dapat dilakukan guna memberikan input untuk pengendalian TB.
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How to Cite
Ningrum, D., & Trisnaningsih, A. (2023). Tuberculosis Risk Mapping in Yogyakarta, Indonesia : An Ecological Study. Unnes Journal of Public Health, 12(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.15294/ujph.v12i2.65193
References
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Banũls, A.-L., Sanou, A., Van Anh, N. T., & Godreuil, S. 2015. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Ecology and evolution of a human bacterium. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 64(11): 1261–1269. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000171
Bie, S., Hu, X., Zhang, H., Wang, K., & Dou, Z. 2021. Influential factors and spatial-temporal distribution of tuberculosis in mainland China. Scientific Reports, 11(1): 6274. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85781-7
Boere, T. M., Visser, D. H., Van Furth, A. M., Lips, P., & Cobelens, F. G. J. 2017. Solar ultraviolet B exposure and global variation in tuberculosis incidence: An ecological analysis. European Respiratory Journal, 49(6): 1601979. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01979-2016
Cui, Z., Lin, D., Chongsuvivatwong, V., Zhao, J., Lin, M., Ou, J., & Zhao, J. 2019. Spatiotemporal patterns and ecological factors of tuberculosis notification: A spatial panel data analysis in Guangxi, China. PLoS ONE, 14(5): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212051
Diah Wahyuningsih. 2020. Determinan Kejadian Penyakit Tuberkulosis Paru BTA Positif. Higeia Journal of Public Health Research and Development, 4(3): 529–539. https://doi.org/10.15294/higeia.v4iSpecial%203.40533
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Fitriani, E. 2013. Faktor Resiko Yang Berhubungan Dengan kejadian Tuberkulosis Paru. Unnes Journal of Public Health, 2(1): 2–5. https://doi.org/10.15294/ujph.v2i1.3034
Gehlen, M., Nicola, M. R. C., Costa, E. R. D., Cabral, V. K., de Quadros, E. L. L., Chaves, C. O., Lahm, R. A., Nicolella, A. D. R., Rossetti, M. L. R., & Silva, D. R. 2019. Geospatial intelligence and health analitycs: Its application and utility in a city with high tuberculosis incidence in Brazil. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 12(5): 681–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2019.03.012
Gelaw, Y., Yu, W., Magalha, R., Assefa, Y., & Williams, G. 2019. Effect of temperature and altitude difference on tuberculosis notification: A systematic review. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases, 11(2): 63–68. https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid-95-18
Gurung, S. C., Dixit, K., Rai, B., Caws, M., Paudel, P. R., Dhital, R., Acharya, S., Budhathoki, G., Malla, D., Levy, J. W., van Rest, J., Lönnroth , K., Viney, K., Ramsay, A., Wingfield, T., Basnyat, B., Thapa, A., Squire, B., Wang, D., Mishra, G., Shah, K., Shrestha, A., & Siqueira-Filha, N. T. Al., E. 2011. The role of active case finding in reducing patient incurred catastrophic costs for tuberculosis in Nepal. Medical Association Publishing House, 8(1): 99. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-019-0603-z
Haq, A., Achmadi, U. F., & Susanna, D. 2019. Analisis Spasial (Topografi) Tuberkulosis Paru di Kota Pariaman, Bukittinggi, dan Dumai Tahun 2010-2016. Jurnal Ekologi Kesehatan, 18(3): 149–158. https://doi.org/10.22435/jek.v3i18.80
Harling, G., & Castro, M. C. 2014. A spatial analysis of social and economic determinants of tuberculosis in Brazil. Health and Place, 25: 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.10.008
Hassarangsee, S., Tripathi, N. K., & Souris, M. 2015. Spatial pattern detection of tuberculosis: A case study of si sa ket province, Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(12): 16005–16018. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215040
Herawati, C., Abdurakhman, R. N., & Rundamintasih, N. 2020. Peran Dukungan Keluarga, Petugas Kesehatan dan Perceived Stigma dalam Meningkatkan. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 15(1): 19–23. https://doi.org/10.26714/jkmi.15.1.2020.19-23
Im, C., & Kim, Y. 2021. Spatial pattern of tuberculosis (TB) and related socio-environmental factors in South Korea, 2008-2016. PLoS ONE, 16(8): e0255727. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255727
Jain, V. K., Iyengar, K. P., Samy, D. A., & Vaishya, R. 2020. Tuberculosis in the era of COVID-19 in India. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, 14(5): 1439–1443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.07.034
Kementerian Kesehatan RI. 2016. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 67 Tahun 2016. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Retrieved September 20, 2022. Available at: http://hukor.kemkes.go.id/uploads/produk_hukum/PMK_No._67_ttg_Penanggulangan_Tuberkolosis_.pdf.
Li, Q., Liu, M., Zhang, Y., Wu, S., Yang, Y., Liu, Y., Amsalu, E., Tao, L., Liu, X., Zhang, F., Luo, Y., Yang, X., Li, W., Li, X., Wang, W., Wang, X., & Guo, X. 2019. The spatio-temporal analysis of the incidence of tuberculosis and the associated factors in mainland China, 2009-2015. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 75: 103949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103949
Lin, C.-H., & Wen, T.-H. 2022. How Spatial Epidemiology Helps Understand Infectious Human Disease Transmission. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 7(8): 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080164
Low, C. T., Lai, P. C., Tse, W. S. C., Tsui, C. K., Lee, H., & Hui, P. K. 2013. Exploring tuberculosis by types of housing development. Social Science and Medicine, 87: 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.03.024
Mathema, B., Andrews, J. R., Cohen, T., Borgdorff, M. W., Behr, M., Glynn, J. R., Rustomjee, R., Silk, B. J., & Wood, R. 2017. Drivers of Tuberculosis Transmission. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 216(Suppl 6): S644–S653. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix354
Mazumdar, S., Satyanarayana, S., & Pai, M. 2019. Self-reported tuberculosis in India: Evidence from NFHS-4. BMJ Global Health, 4(3): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001371
Mohidem, N. A., Osman, M., Hashim, Z., Muharam, F. M., Elias, S. M., & Shaharudin, R. 2021. Association of sociodemographic and environmental factors with spatial distribution of tuberculosis cases in Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia. In PLoS ONE, 16(6):e0252146. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252146
Mufti, D. M., & Siwiendrayanti, A. 2021. Analisis Risiko Penularan Covid-19 Berdasarkan Aspek Demografis dan Geografis Di Kota Semarang Tahun 2020. Ahmar Metastasis Health Journal, 1(2): 49–58. https://doi.org/10.53770/amhj.v1i2.8
Narasimhan, P., Wood, J., Macintyre, C. R., & Mathai, D. 2013. Risk factors for tuberculosis. Pulmonary Medicine, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/828939
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