Factors Affecting the Work Engagement of Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Abstract
The COVID-19 Pandemic is a challenge for the world and, foremost, the healthcare system. The high intensity of work, the high risk of exposure, and the mental burden due to COVID-19 can affect the work engagement of healthcare workers. Healthcare worker engagement tends to be low. This research aimed to identify the factors that affect the work engagement of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. This research was a scoping review study conducted in December 2022. The keywords used were "work engagement," "healthcare worker," "healthcare," and "COVID-19" in the PubMed, Science Direct, and ProQuest databases. The criteria used were original articles written in English and published during 2020-2022. Outcome mapping based on PRISMA-ScR. A number of 19 articles were classified into job resources, personal resources, job demands, and demographic factors. Most of the articles were published in 2022 (52%), conducted in China (32%), had a cross-sectional research design (79%), and stated that healthcare workers are tied to work during the COVID-19 Pandemic (37%). The most common factors affecting workforce engagement found in the selected articles were job resources and job demands (47%). Healthcare workers' engagement level during the COVID-19 Pandemic was classified as moderate and high. The research found four factors affecting healthcare workers' work engagement during the COVID-19 Pandemic: job resources, personal resources, job demands, and demographic factors. Future research is expected to examine how to keep healthcare workers engaged in extreme situations such as the COVID-19 Pandemic.
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How to Cite
Mustikawati, E., & Ernawaty, E. (2023). Factors Affecting the Work Engagement of Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Unnes Journal of Public Health, 12(2), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.15294/ujph.v12i2.67079
References
Allande-Cussó, R. et al. (2021) ‘Work engagement in nurses during the covid-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study’, Healthcare (Switzerland), 9(3), pp. 1–11. doi:10.3390/healthcare9030253.
Aminuddin, N.M., Pasinringi, S.A. and Saleh, L.M. (2021) ‘The Influence of Organizational Factors and Employee Engagement on the Performance of Doctors at the Haji Hospital in South Sulawesi Province and Dr. RSUP. Tadjuddin Chalid’, Journal of Asian Multicultural Research for Medical and Health Science Study, 2(3), pp. 39–51. doi:10.47616/jamrmhss.v2i3.161.
Bakertzis, E. and Myloni, B. (2021) ‘Profession as a major drive of work engagement and its effects on job performance among healthcare employees in Greece: A comparative analysis among doctors, nurses and administrative staff.’, Health services management research, 34(2), pp. 80–91. doi:10.1177/0951484820943592.
Bakker, A.B. and Demerouti, E. (2007) ‘The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art’, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), pp. 309–328. doi:10.1108/02683940710733115.
Bakker, A.B. and Demerouti, E. (2008) ‘Towards a model of work engagement’, Career Development International, 13(3), pp. 209–223. doi:10.1108/13620430810870476.
Bernburg, M. et al. (2022) ‘Stress perception, sleep quality and work engagement of german outpatient nurses during the covid-19 pandemic’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), pp. 1–25. doi:10.3390/ijerph19010313.
Chikobvu, P. and Harunavamwe, M. (2022) ‘The role of emotional intelligence and work engagement on nurses’ resilience in public hospitals’, SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 20, pp. 1–10. doi:10.4102/sajhrm.v20i0.1690.
Contreras, F. et al. (2021) ‘Influence of support on work engagement in nursing staff: the mediating role of possibilities for professional development’, Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administracion, 34(1), pp. 122–142. doi:10.1108/ARLA-04-2020-0057.
Courson, S. et al. (2022) ‘Impact of COVID-19 on the Level of Work Engagement of Nurses at a Small, Rural Hospital’, Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 53(4), pp. 157–164. doi:10.3928/00220124-20220311-05.
Cuartero-Castañer, M.E., Hidalgo-Andrade, P. and Cañas-Lerma, A.J. (2021) ‘Professional quality of life, engagement, and self-care in healthcare professionals in ecuador during the COVID-19 pandemic’, Healthcare (Switzerland), 9(5). doi:10.3390/healthcare9050515.
David Bailey, K. and Cardin, S. (2018) ‘Engagement in Nursing: One Organization’s Success’, Nursing Administration Quarterly, 42(3), pp. 223–230. doi:10.1097/NAQ.0000000000000296.
Diab, G.M. and Nagar, M.A. El (2019) ‘Work Engagement of Staff Nurses and its Relation to Psychological Work Stress’, IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS), 8(2), pp. 72–84. doi:10.9790/1959-0802047284.
van Dorssen-Boog, P. et al. (2020) ‘Self-Leadership Among Healthcare Workers: A Mediator for the Effects of Job Autonomy on Work Engagement and Health’, Frontiers in Psychology, 11. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01420.
Dubey, S. et al. (2020) ‘Psychosocial impact of COVID-19’, Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(5), pp. 779–788. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.035.
Dzinamarira, T. et al. (2021) ‘COVID-19 Prevalence among Healthcare Workers. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), p. 146. doi:10.3390/ijerph19010146.
Giménez-Espert, M. del C., Prado-Gascó, V. and Soto-Rubio, A. (2020) ‘Psychosocial Risks, Work Engagement, and Job Satisfaction of Nurses During COVID-19 Pandemic’, Frontiers in Public Health, 8(November), pp. 1–10. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.566896.
Gómez-Salgado, J. et al. (2021) ‘Work engagement and psychological distress of health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic’, Journal of Nursing Management, 29(5), pp. 1016–1025. doi:10.1111/jonm.13239.
Hyesun, K. (2021) ‘Effects of Job Crafting on the Quality of Nursing Services among Clinical Nurses: The Mediating Effect of Work Engagement’, Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 27(5), pp. 423–432. doi:10.11111/jkana.2021.27.5.423.
Li, Q. et al. (2022) ‘The Effect of Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Care on Turnover Intention and Work Engagement: A Mediated Moderation Model Using Age in the Post Pandemic Period’, Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(15). doi:10.3390/su14159125.
Liebenberg, J.M., Scholtz, S.E. and De Beer, L.T. (2022) ‘The Daily Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Work Engagement of Nurses: A “Shortitudinal” Diary Study’, Healthcare (Switzerland), 10(5). doi:10.3390/healthcare10050863.
Loerbroks, A. et al. (2022) ‘The Relationship of Medical Assistants’ Work Engagement with Their Concerns of Having Made an Important Medical Error: A Cross-Sectional Study’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11). doi:10.3390/ijerph19116690.
De los Santos, J.A.A. and Labrague, L.J. (2021) ‘The impact of fear of COVID-19 on job stress, and turnover intentions of frontline nurses in the community: A cross-sectional study in the Philippines.’, Traumatology, 27(1), pp. 52–59. doi:10.1037/trm0000294.
Miawati, T., Tukiran, M. and Anggorodi, R. (2021) ‘Work Engagement in Nurses during The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review’, Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management Research, 2(4), pp. 131–137.
Midje, H.H., Torp, S. and Øvergård, K.I. (2022) ‘The role of working environment and employee engagement in person-centred processes for older adults in long-term care services’, International Practice Development Journal, 12(2), pp. 1–19. doi:10.19043/ipdj.122.007.
Mukhlis, H. et al. (2022) ‘Religious capital and job engagement among Malaysian Muslim nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic’, HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 78(1), pp. 1–7. doi:10.4102/HTS.V78I1.7830.
Nel, J.A., Jonker, C.S. and Rabie, T. (2013) ‘Emotional Intelligence and Wellness Among Employees Working in the Nursing Environment’, Journal of Psychology in Africa, 23(2), pp. 195–203. doi:10.1080/14330237.2013.10820615.
Ngobeni, P. and Dhanpat, N. (2022) ‘Keeping nurses engaged during COVID-19: An i-deal perspective’, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 48, pp. 1–12. doi:10.4102/sajip.v48i0.1971.
Pérez-Fuentes, M. del C. et al. (2018) ‘The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Engagement in Nurses’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), p. 1915. doi:10.3390/ijerph15091915.
Peters, M.D.J. et al. (2020) ‘Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews.’, JBI evidence synthesis, 18(10), pp. 2119–2126. doi:10.11124/JBIES-20-00167.
Rodwell, J., Gulyas, A. and Johnson, D. (2022) ‘The New and Key Roles for Psychological Contract Status and Engagement in Predicting Various Performance Behaviors of Nurses’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), p. 13931. doi:10.3390/ijerph192113931.
Sanchez-Gomez, M., Sadovyy, M. and Breso, E. (2021) ‘Health-care professionals amid the covid-19 pandemic: How emotional intelligence may enhance work performance traversing the mediating role of work engagement’, Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(18). doi:10.3390/jcm10184077.
Savitsky, B., Radomislensky, I. and Hendel, T. (2021) ‘Nurses’ occupational satisfaction during Covid-19 pandemic’, Applied Nursing Research, 59(March), p. 151416. doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151416.
Schaufeli, W.B. et al. (2002) ‘Relaxation of classical particles in two-dimensional anharmonic single-well potentials’, Journal ofHappiness Studies, 3, pp. 71–92.
Shaukat N, Mansoor A and Razzak J (2020) ‘Physical and mental health impacts of COVID-19 on healthcare workers: A scoping review’, International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 13(1), pp. 1–8.
Shuck, B. and Herd, A.M. (2012) ‘Employee Engagement and Leadership: Exploring the Convergence of Two Frameworks and Implications for Leadership Development in HRD’, Human Resource Development Review, 11(2), pp. 156–181. doi:10.1177/1534484312438211.
Szilvassy, P. and Širok, K. (2022) ‘Importance of work engagement in primary healthcare’, BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), pp. 1–11. doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08402-7.
Tabari, P. et al. (2021) ‘The role of educating health-care personnel in prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of COVID-19: A narrative mini review.’, Journal of education and health promotion, 10, p. 476. doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_328_21.
Trépanier, S.-G. et al. (2014) ‘Linking job demands and resources to burnout and work engagement: Does passion underlie these differential relationships?’, Motivation and Emotion, 38(3), pp. 353–366. doi:10.1007/s11031-013-9384-z.
Wu, J. et al. (2021) ‘Subtypes of nurses’ mental workload and interaction patterns with fatigue and work engagement during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak: A latent class analysis’, BMC Nursing, 20(1), pp. 1–10. doi:10.1186/s12912-021-00726-9.
Xu, L. et al. (2022) ‘Mediation role of work motivation and job satisfaction between work-related basic need satisfaction and work engagement among doctors in China: a cross-sectional study’, BMJ open, 12(10), p. e060599. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060599.
Zhang, H. et al. (2021) ‘Engagement among physicians fighting COVID-19: the mediating role of autonomy’, Occupational Medicine, 71(1), pp. 9–11. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqaa203.
Zhang, M. et al. (2021) ‘Influence of perceived stress and workload on work engagement in front-line nurses during COVID-19 pandemic’, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30(11–12), pp. 1584–1595. doi:10.1111/jocn.15707.
Zhang, N. et al. (2022) ‘Effects of role overload, work engagement and perceived organisational support on nurses’ job performance during the COVID-19 pandemic’, Journal of Nursing Management, 30(4), pp. 901–912. doi:10.1111/jonm.13598.
Aminuddin, N.M., Pasinringi, S.A. and Saleh, L.M. (2021) ‘The Influence of Organizational Factors and Employee Engagement on the Performance of Doctors at the Haji Hospital in South Sulawesi Province and Dr. RSUP. Tadjuddin Chalid’, Journal of Asian Multicultural Research for Medical and Health Science Study, 2(3), pp. 39–51. doi:10.47616/jamrmhss.v2i3.161.
Bakertzis, E. and Myloni, B. (2021) ‘Profession as a major drive of work engagement and its effects on job performance among healthcare employees in Greece: A comparative analysis among doctors, nurses and administrative staff.’, Health services management research, 34(2), pp. 80–91. doi:10.1177/0951484820943592.
Bakker, A.B. and Demerouti, E. (2007) ‘The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art’, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), pp. 309–328. doi:10.1108/02683940710733115.
Bakker, A.B. and Demerouti, E. (2008) ‘Towards a model of work engagement’, Career Development International, 13(3), pp. 209–223. doi:10.1108/13620430810870476.
Bernburg, M. et al. (2022) ‘Stress perception, sleep quality and work engagement of german outpatient nurses during the covid-19 pandemic’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), pp. 1–25. doi:10.3390/ijerph19010313.
Chikobvu, P. and Harunavamwe, M. (2022) ‘The role of emotional intelligence and work engagement on nurses’ resilience in public hospitals’, SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 20, pp. 1–10. doi:10.4102/sajhrm.v20i0.1690.
Contreras, F. et al. (2021) ‘Influence of support on work engagement in nursing staff: the mediating role of possibilities for professional development’, Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administracion, 34(1), pp. 122–142. doi:10.1108/ARLA-04-2020-0057.
Courson, S. et al. (2022) ‘Impact of COVID-19 on the Level of Work Engagement of Nurses at a Small, Rural Hospital’, Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 53(4), pp. 157–164. doi:10.3928/00220124-20220311-05.
Cuartero-Castañer, M.E., Hidalgo-Andrade, P. and Cañas-Lerma, A.J. (2021) ‘Professional quality of life, engagement, and self-care in healthcare professionals in ecuador during the COVID-19 pandemic’, Healthcare (Switzerland), 9(5). doi:10.3390/healthcare9050515.
David Bailey, K. and Cardin, S. (2018) ‘Engagement in Nursing: One Organization’s Success’, Nursing Administration Quarterly, 42(3), pp. 223–230. doi:10.1097/NAQ.0000000000000296.
Diab, G.M. and Nagar, M.A. El (2019) ‘Work Engagement of Staff Nurses and its Relation to Psychological Work Stress’, IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS), 8(2), pp. 72–84. doi:10.9790/1959-0802047284.
van Dorssen-Boog, P. et al. (2020) ‘Self-Leadership Among Healthcare Workers: A Mediator for the Effects of Job Autonomy on Work Engagement and Health’, Frontiers in Psychology, 11. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01420.
Dubey, S. et al. (2020) ‘Psychosocial impact of COVID-19’, Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(5), pp. 779–788. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.035.
Dzinamarira, T. et al. (2021) ‘COVID-19 Prevalence among Healthcare Workers. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), p. 146. doi:10.3390/ijerph19010146.
Giménez-Espert, M. del C., Prado-Gascó, V. and Soto-Rubio, A. (2020) ‘Psychosocial Risks, Work Engagement, and Job Satisfaction of Nurses During COVID-19 Pandemic’, Frontiers in Public Health, 8(November), pp. 1–10. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.566896.
Gómez-Salgado, J. et al. (2021) ‘Work engagement and psychological distress of health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic’, Journal of Nursing Management, 29(5), pp. 1016–1025. doi:10.1111/jonm.13239.
Hyesun, K. (2021) ‘Effects of Job Crafting on the Quality of Nursing Services among Clinical Nurses: The Mediating Effect of Work Engagement’, Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 27(5), pp. 423–432. doi:10.11111/jkana.2021.27.5.423.
Li, Q. et al. (2022) ‘The Effect of Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Care on Turnover Intention and Work Engagement: A Mediated Moderation Model Using Age in the Post Pandemic Period’, Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(15). doi:10.3390/su14159125.
Liebenberg, J.M., Scholtz, S.E. and De Beer, L.T. (2022) ‘The Daily Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Work Engagement of Nurses: A “Shortitudinal” Diary Study’, Healthcare (Switzerland), 10(5). doi:10.3390/healthcare10050863.
Loerbroks, A. et al. (2022) ‘The Relationship of Medical Assistants’ Work Engagement with Their Concerns of Having Made an Important Medical Error: A Cross-Sectional Study’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11). doi:10.3390/ijerph19116690.
De los Santos, J.A.A. and Labrague, L.J. (2021) ‘The impact of fear of COVID-19 on job stress, and turnover intentions of frontline nurses in the community: A cross-sectional study in the Philippines.’, Traumatology, 27(1), pp. 52–59. doi:10.1037/trm0000294.
Miawati, T., Tukiran, M. and Anggorodi, R. (2021) ‘Work Engagement in Nurses during The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review’, Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management Research, 2(4), pp. 131–137.
Midje, H.H., Torp, S. and Øvergård, K.I. (2022) ‘The role of working environment and employee engagement in person-centred processes for older adults in long-term care services’, International Practice Development Journal, 12(2), pp. 1–19. doi:10.19043/ipdj.122.007.
Mukhlis, H. et al. (2022) ‘Religious capital and job engagement among Malaysian Muslim nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic’, HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 78(1), pp. 1–7. doi:10.4102/HTS.V78I1.7830.
Nel, J.A., Jonker, C.S. and Rabie, T. (2013) ‘Emotional Intelligence and Wellness Among Employees Working in the Nursing Environment’, Journal of Psychology in Africa, 23(2), pp. 195–203. doi:10.1080/14330237.2013.10820615.
Ngobeni, P. and Dhanpat, N. (2022) ‘Keeping nurses engaged during COVID-19: An i-deal perspective’, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 48, pp. 1–12. doi:10.4102/sajip.v48i0.1971.
Pérez-Fuentes, M. del C. et al. (2018) ‘The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Engagement in Nurses’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), p. 1915. doi:10.3390/ijerph15091915.
Peters, M.D.J. et al. (2020) ‘Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews.’, JBI evidence synthesis, 18(10), pp. 2119–2126. doi:10.11124/JBIES-20-00167.
Rodwell, J., Gulyas, A. and Johnson, D. (2022) ‘The New and Key Roles for Psychological Contract Status and Engagement in Predicting Various Performance Behaviors of Nurses’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), p. 13931. doi:10.3390/ijerph192113931.
Sanchez-Gomez, M., Sadovyy, M. and Breso, E. (2021) ‘Health-care professionals amid the covid-19 pandemic: How emotional intelligence may enhance work performance traversing the mediating role of work engagement’, Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(18). doi:10.3390/jcm10184077.
Savitsky, B., Radomislensky, I. and Hendel, T. (2021) ‘Nurses’ occupational satisfaction during Covid-19 pandemic’, Applied Nursing Research, 59(March), p. 151416. doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151416.
Schaufeli, W.B. et al. (2002) ‘Relaxation of classical particles in two-dimensional anharmonic single-well potentials’, Journal ofHappiness Studies, 3, pp. 71–92.
Shaukat N, Mansoor A and Razzak J (2020) ‘Physical and mental health impacts of COVID-19 on healthcare workers: A scoping review’, International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 13(1), pp. 1–8.
Shuck, B. and Herd, A.M. (2012) ‘Employee Engagement and Leadership: Exploring the Convergence of Two Frameworks and Implications for Leadership Development in HRD’, Human Resource Development Review, 11(2), pp. 156–181. doi:10.1177/1534484312438211.
Szilvassy, P. and Širok, K. (2022) ‘Importance of work engagement in primary healthcare’, BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), pp. 1–11. doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08402-7.
Tabari, P. et al. (2021) ‘The role of educating health-care personnel in prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of COVID-19: A narrative mini review.’, Journal of education and health promotion, 10, p. 476. doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_328_21.
Trépanier, S.-G. et al. (2014) ‘Linking job demands and resources to burnout and work engagement: Does passion underlie these differential relationships?’, Motivation and Emotion, 38(3), pp. 353–366. doi:10.1007/s11031-013-9384-z.
Wu, J. et al. (2021) ‘Subtypes of nurses’ mental workload and interaction patterns with fatigue and work engagement during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak: A latent class analysis’, BMC Nursing, 20(1), pp. 1–10. doi:10.1186/s12912-021-00726-9.
Xu, L. et al. (2022) ‘Mediation role of work motivation and job satisfaction between work-related basic need satisfaction and work engagement among doctors in China: a cross-sectional study’, BMJ open, 12(10), p. e060599. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060599.
Zhang, H. et al. (2021) ‘Engagement among physicians fighting COVID-19: the mediating role of autonomy’, Occupational Medicine, 71(1), pp. 9–11. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqaa203.
Zhang, M. et al. (2021) ‘Influence of perceived stress and workload on work engagement in front-line nurses during COVID-19 pandemic’, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30(11–12), pp. 1584–1595. doi:10.1111/jocn.15707.
Zhang, N. et al. (2022) ‘Effects of role overload, work engagement and perceived organisational support on nurses’ job performance during the COVID-19 pandemic’, Journal of Nursing Management, 30(4), pp. 901–912. doi:10.1111/jonm.13598.