Covid-19 and Human Rights: The Capture of the Fulfilment of Rights During the Covid Outbreaks Human Rights Law, Law and Policy
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Published
Oct 31, 2020
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Abstract
Fulfilment and protection of human rights in all aspects is a form of Constitutional Rights for Citizens that must be fulfilled by the State. Basic human rights also under no circumstances can be reduced even deprived. However, the fact is, human rights regulated in various laws and regulations in Indonesia have not been maximally implemented. The fulfilment and protection of human rights also faces its own challenges in implementing it in certain cases, for example disasters such as Pandemic Covid-19. Various legal instruments, both central and regional, were created to deal with and resolve the Covid-19 Pandemic problem. This study aims to examine the implementation of the fulfilment and protection of human rights in special situations such as Covid-19 Pandemic. This research is limited to the Semarang City area. This study wanted to find out and analyze various aspects of law and human rights in the implementation of various policies related to Covid-19 in the City of Semarang. This study seeks to find challenges and problems in the protection and fulfilment of human rights in the city of Semarang in the Covid-19 Pandemic. The method in this study uses empirical research, where researchers directly go to the field. The planned data was obtained from various related agencies in the city of Semarang, the community, and related NGOs. This research will assist the government in mapping human rights fulfilment policies in national disaster situations in this case the Covid-19 Pandemic.
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How to Cite
Widyawati, A., Rasdi, R., Arifin, R., & Adiyatma, S. E. (2020). Covid-19 and Human Rights: The Capture of the Fulfilment of Rights During the Covid Outbreaks. Unnes Law Journal, 6(2), 259-286. https://doi.org/10.15294/ulj.v6i2.42289
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Research Article
References
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Arifin, R. (2016). Human Rights Interpretation in the Dimension of Pancasila Ideology. Law Research Review Quarterly, 2(4), 641-656.
Arifin, R. (2016). Pancasila, Human Rights, and Global Ideology: The Perspective of Human Rights Based on Pancasila in the Midst of the Global Human Rights Wave. Law Research Review Quarterly, 2(2), 247-276.
Arifin, R. (2017). Democracy on Indonesian Legal Reform: How Can People Participate on Laws and Regulations Establishment Process. JILS (Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies), 2(2), 155–158.
Arifin, R. (2017). Revealing the Other Side of Human Rights Issue: How We Look to the Existed Various Problems. JILS (Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies), 2(1), 79–82.
Arifin, R., Rasdi, R., & Alkadri, R. (2018). Tinjauan Atas Permasalahan Penegakan Hukum dan Pemenuhan Hak dalam Konteks Universalime dan Relativisme Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum LEGALITY, 26(1),17-18.
Arifin, R., & Lestari, L. E. (2019). Penegakan dan Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia dalam Konteks Implementasi Sila Kemanusiaan Yang Adil dan Beradab. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum, 5(2), 12-25.
Arifin, R., Ilyasa, R. M. A., & Adiyatma, S. E. (2020). Covid-19 dan Hak Asasi Manusia: Bagaimana Perlindungan Warga di Masa Pandemi? Semarang: BPFH UNNES.
Asshiddiqie, J. (2000). “Dimensi Konseptual dan Prosedural Pemajuan Hak Asasi Manusia Dewasa Ini, Perkembangan Kearah Pengertian Hak Asasi Manusia Generasi Keempatâ€, Paper, presented on discussion on the Development of Thought on Human Rights organized by the Institute for Democracy and Human Rights, The Habibie Center, 2000.
Basuki, U. (2020). Merunut Konstitusionalisme Hak Atas Pelayanan Kesehatan Sebagai Hak Asasi Manusia. Jurnal Hukum Caraka Justitia, 1(1), 21-41. https://ejournal.up45.ac.id/index.php/Caraka_Justitia/article/view/699
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Bredemeier, H. C. (1962). Law as an Integrative Mechanism. Law and Sociology, 73-90.
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CNN Indonesia. (2020). “Kisah Pilu dari Penolakan Jenazah Perawat Corona di Semarangâ€, April 10, 2020, https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20200410174518-20-492451/kisah-pilu-dari-penolakan-jenazah-perawat-corona-di-semarang
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Detik. (2020). “Saat Jokowi Tak Ingin Dianggap Tertutup soal Data Coronaâ€, April 21, 2020, https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4984637/saat-jokowi-tak-ingin-dianggap-tertutup-soal-data-corona?single=1
Dewi, M.B.K., & Arifin, R. (2019). Emancipation and Legal Justice; Portrait of Women’s Legal Protection In Indonesia. Jurnal Cita Hukum, 7(1), 101–114.
Dynesia, T. S. (2020). The Effectiveness of Indonesian Government Assistance in Handling and Breaking Covid-19 Chains. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 2(3).
Fathan, M. H. (2020). COVID-19 Emergency Regulation: How We Survive?. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 2(3).
Halabi, S. F. (2009). Participation and the right to health: lessons from Indonesia. Health and Human Rights, 49-59.
Hidayat, R. (2016). Hak Atas Derajat Pelayanan Kesehatan Yang Optimal. SYARIAH Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran, 16(2), 130-131.
Hidayat, E. (2016). Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia dalam Negara Hukum. ASAS: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, 8(2), 1–8.
Isriawaty, F. S. (2015). “Tanggung Jawab Negara Dalam Pemenuhan Hak Atas Kesehatan Masyarakat Berdasarkan Undang Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945â€, Dissertation, Tadulako University.
Ivanka, N. (2020). Large-Scale Social Restrictions: What’s Next?. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 2(2), 201-214.
Junaedi, U. A. (2020). Analysis of Covid-19 Impact for Law and Society. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 2(3).
Khairazi, F. (2015). Implementasi Demokrasi dan Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia. INOVATIF: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 8(1), https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/jimih/article/view/2194
Kumala, R. D. M. (2020). Legal Analysis of Government Policy on Large Scale Social Restrictions in Handling Covid-19. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 2(2), 181-200.
Kurnia, T. S. (2007). Hak Atas Derajat Kesehatan Optimal Sebagai HAM di Indonesia. Bandung: PT. Alumni.
Locke, J., Vernon, R., & Silverthorne, M. (2010). Locke on Toleration. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
Manan, B., et.al. (2009). Dimensi-Dimensi Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia. Bandung: PSKN FH UNPAD.
Manan, B. (1998). “Aktualisasi Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesiaâ€, Paper, presented on Panel Discussion ‘Menyongsong Abad ke-21 Sebagai Abad Hak Asasi Manusia’, held by PAHAM Jakarta, 1998.
Manan, B. (2000). Perkembangan Pemikiran Pengaturan Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia. Bandung: Alumni.
Mardiansyah, D. (2020). The Corona Virus and Labor Rights Issues: How Do Workers Get Their Rights?. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 2(2), 129-146
Muchena, D. (2020). “COVID-19 as an emergency human rights issueâ€, Amnesty International, 2020, retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/04/covid19-as-an-emergency-human-rights-issue/
Nasution, L. (2020). Hak Kesehatan Masyarakat dan Hak Permintaan Pertanggungjawaban Terhadap Lambannya Penanganan Pandemi Global Coranavirus Covid-19. ‘ADALAH: Buletin Hukum dan Keadilan, 4(1), 19-28.
Novanda, G. D. (2020). Advocacy and Legal Aid During Covid-19 Pandemic: How Indonesia Survives?. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 2(2), 101-110.
OHCHR. (2020). “COVID-19 and its human rights dimensionsâ€, United Nation Human Rights Office of The High Commissioner, retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/COVID19Guidance.aspx
Rahardjo, S. (1979). “Budaya Hukum dalam Permasalahan Hukum di Indonesiaâ€, Paper, presented on 4th National Law Seminar Lecture, National Law Development Agency, Jakarta, 1979.
Rahmatullah, I. (2020). Jaminan Hak Kesehatan Pekerja Work from Office Selama Masa PSBB Covid-19. ‘ADALAH: Buletin Hukum dan Keadilan, 4(2), 57-62.
Ramadhan, R. A. (2020). “Kasus Positif Corona Hampir 100, Pemerintah RI Semakin Tertutup soal Data Pasienâ€, March 14, 2020, https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/kasus-positif-corona-hampir-100-pemerintah-ri-semakin-tertutup-soal-data-pasien-1t1YYtcSV38/full
Rawls, J. (1973). Some Ordinalist-Utilitarian Notes on Rawls’s Theory of Justice. The Journal of Philosophy, 70(9), 245-263.
Republic of Indonesia. (1945). The 1945 Constitution of Indonesia (UUD 1945).
Rousseau, J.J. (2018). Rousseau: The Social Contract and other later political writings, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
Santoso, B. (2020). “Kenapa Indonesia Masih Juga 'Tertutup' Soal Corona? Negara Lain Transparanâ€, March 13, 2020, https://www.suara.com/news/2020/03/13/111222/kenapa-indonesia-masih-juga-tertutup-soal-corona-negara-lain-transparan?page=all
Siallagan, H. (2016). Penerapan Prinsip Negara Hukum di Indonesia. Sosiohumaniora, 18(2), 131-137.
Sudrajat, T. (2011). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak Anak Sebagai Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Perspektif Sistem Hukum Keluarga di Indonesia. Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 13(2), 111-132.
Stanlis, P. J. (2015). Edmund Burke and the Natural Law. Piscataway, NJ United States: Transaction Publishers.
Straumann, B. (2009). Is Modern Liberty Ancient? Roman Remedies and Natural Rights in Hugo Grotius’s Early Works on Natural Law. Law and History Review, 27(1), 55-86.
Triwahyuningsih, T. (2018). Perlindungan dan Penegakan Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) di Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum Legal Standing, 2(2), 113–121.
Veruswati, M., & Asyary, A. (2017). Implementation of Information Systems Toward Health System Strengthening in Indonesia: A Policy Brief. Public Health of Indonesia, 3(3), 73-76. https://doi.org/10.36685/phi.v3i3.126
Widhana, D. H. (2020). “BNPB: Data Corona Kemenkes Tertutup & Tak Sinkron dengan Pemdaâ€, April 6, 2020, https://tirto.id/bnpb-data-corona-kemenkes-tertutup-tak-sinkron-dengan-pemda-eLh2
Zamani, L. (2020). “3 Perawat RSUD Bung Karno Solo Diusir dari Indekosâ€, April 27, 2020, https://regional.kompas.com/read/2020/04/27/16500591/3-perawat-rsud-bung-karno-solo-diusir-dari-indekos
[…] CESCR General Comment No 14. The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health. Committee on Social and Cultural Rights, 2000, https://www.refworld.org/docid/4538838d0.html
[…] https://www.who.int/news/item/30-03-2020-who-releases-guidelines-to-help-countries-maintain-essential-health-services-during-the-covid-19-pandemic
Amnesty International Indonesia. (2020). “COVID-19 dan Hak Asasi Manusiaâ€, April 9, 2020, https://www.amnesty.id/covid-19-dan-hak-asasi-manusia/
Andhini, A.S.D., & Arifin, R. (2019). Analisis Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Tindak Kekerasan pada Anak di Indonesia. AJUDIKASI: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 3(1), 41-52.
Andriyani, Y. (2020). “Wabah COVID-19 Bukan Alasan untuk Mengorbankan HAM dan Demokrasiâ€, May 11, 2020, https://kontras.org/2020/05/11/15985/
Angga, R.V.D., Mulyono, E., & Indrayati, R. (2014). Perlindungan Hukum Warga Negara atas Terjadinya Pelanggaran HAM Berat dalam Kondisi Negara Keadaan Darurat di Indonesia. Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Mahasiswa Hukum, 8(1), 1–9.
Ariefana, P. (2020). “Kronologis Dokter dan Perawat Pasien Virus Corona Ditolak Tetanggaâ€, March 25, 2020, https://www.suara.com/news/2020/03/25/152418/kronologis-dokter-dan-perawat-pasien-virus-corona-ditolak-tetangga
Arifin, R. (2016). Human Rights Interpretation in the Dimension of Pancasila Ideology. Law Research Review Quarterly, 2(4), 641-656.
Arifin, R. (2016). Pancasila, Human Rights, and Global Ideology: The Perspective of Human Rights Based on Pancasila in the Midst of the Global Human Rights Wave. Law Research Review Quarterly, 2(2), 247-276.
Arifin, R. (2017). Democracy on Indonesian Legal Reform: How Can People Participate on Laws and Regulations Establishment Process. JILS (Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies), 2(2), 155–158.
Arifin, R. (2017). Revealing the Other Side of Human Rights Issue: How We Look to the Existed Various Problems. JILS (Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies), 2(1), 79–82.
Arifin, R., Rasdi, R., & Alkadri, R. (2018). Tinjauan Atas Permasalahan Penegakan Hukum dan Pemenuhan Hak dalam Konteks Universalime dan Relativisme Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum LEGALITY, 26(1),17-18.
Arifin, R., & Lestari, L. E. (2019). Penegakan dan Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia dalam Konteks Implementasi Sila Kemanusiaan Yang Adil dan Beradab. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum, 5(2), 12-25.
Arifin, R., Ilyasa, R. M. A., & Adiyatma, S. E. (2020). Covid-19 dan Hak Asasi Manusia: Bagaimana Perlindungan Warga di Masa Pandemi? Semarang: BPFH UNNES.
Asshiddiqie, J. (2000). “Dimensi Konseptual dan Prosedural Pemajuan Hak Asasi Manusia Dewasa Ini, Perkembangan Kearah Pengertian Hak Asasi Manusia Generasi Keempatâ€, Paper, presented on discussion on the Development of Thought on Human Rights organized by the Institute for Democracy and Human Rights, The Habibie Center, 2000.
Basuki, U. (2020). Merunut Konstitusionalisme Hak Atas Pelayanan Kesehatan Sebagai Hak Asasi Manusia. Jurnal Hukum Caraka Justitia, 1(1), 21-41. https://ejournal.up45.ac.id/index.php/Caraka_Justitia/article/view/699
Berting, J. (1990). Human Rights in a Pluralist World: Individuals and Collectivities. London: Meckler.
Berting, J. (ed). (1990). Human rights in a pluralist world: individuals and collectivities. London: Meckler.
Bredemeier, H. C. (1962). Law as an Integrative Mechanism. Law and Sociology, 73-90.
Chambliss, W. J., & Seidman, R. B. (1971). Law, Order, and Power. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
CNN Indonesia. (2020). “Kisah Pilu dari Penolakan Jenazah Perawat Corona di Semarangâ€, April 10, 2020, https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20200410174518-20-492451/kisah-pilu-dari-penolakan-jenazah-perawat-corona-di-semarang
Daniels, N. (1989). Reading Rawls: Critical Studies on Rawls’ A Theory of Justice (Vol. 229). Redwood City CA: Stanford University Press.
Detik. (2020). “Saat Jokowi Tak Ingin Dianggap Tertutup soal Data Coronaâ€, April 21, 2020, https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4984637/saat-jokowi-tak-ingin-dianggap-tertutup-soal-data-corona?single=1
Dewi, M.B.K., & Arifin, R. (2019). Emancipation and Legal Justice; Portrait of Women’s Legal Protection In Indonesia. Jurnal Cita Hukum, 7(1), 101–114.
Dynesia, T. S. (2020). The Effectiveness of Indonesian Government Assistance in Handling and Breaking Covid-19 Chains. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 2(3).
Fathan, M. H. (2020). COVID-19 Emergency Regulation: How We Survive?. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 2(3).
Halabi, S. F. (2009). Participation and the right to health: lessons from Indonesia. Health and Human Rights, 49-59.
Hidayat, R. (2016). Hak Atas Derajat Pelayanan Kesehatan Yang Optimal. SYARIAH Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran, 16(2), 130-131.
Hidayat, E. (2016). Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia dalam Negara Hukum. ASAS: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, 8(2), 1–8.
Isriawaty, F. S. (2015). “Tanggung Jawab Negara Dalam Pemenuhan Hak Atas Kesehatan Masyarakat Berdasarkan Undang Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945â€, Dissertation, Tadulako University.
Ivanka, N. (2020). Large-Scale Social Restrictions: What’s Next?. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 2(2), 201-214.
Junaedi, U. A. (2020). Analysis of Covid-19 Impact for Law and Society. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 2(3).
Khairazi, F. (2015). Implementasi Demokrasi dan Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia. INOVATIF: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 8(1), https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/jimih/article/view/2194
Kumala, R. D. M. (2020). Legal Analysis of Government Policy on Large Scale Social Restrictions in Handling Covid-19. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 2(2), 181-200.
Kurnia, T. S. (2007). Hak Atas Derajat Kesehatan Optimal Sebagai HAM di Indonesia. Bandung: PT. Alumni.
Locke, J., Vernon, R., & Silverthorne, M. (2010). Locke on Toleration. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
Manan, B., et.al. (2009). Dimensi-Dimensi Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia. Bandung: PSKN FH UNPAD.
Manan, B. (1998). “Aktualisasi Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesiaâ€, Paper, presented on Panel Discussion ‘Menyongsong Abad ke-21 Sebagai Abad Hak Asasi Manusia’, held by PAHAM Jakarta, 1998.
Manan, B. (2000). Perkembangan Pemikiran Pengaturan Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia. Bandung: Alumni.
Mardiansyah, D. (2020). The Corona Virus and Labor Rights Issues: How Do Workers Get Their Rights?. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 2(2), 129-146
Muchena, D. (2020). “COVID-19 as an emergency human rights issueâ€, Amnesty International, 2020, retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/04/covid19-as-an-emergency-human-rights-issue/
Nasution, L. (2020). Hak Kesehatan Masyarakat dan Hak Permintaan Pertanggungjawaban Terhadap Lambannya Penanganan Pandemi Global Coranavirus Covid-19. ‘ADALAH: Buletin Hukum dan Keadilan, 4(1), 19-28.
Novanda, G. D. (2020). Advocacy and Legal Aid During Covid-19 Pandemic: How Indonesia Survives?. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 2(2), 101-110.
OHCHR. (2020). “COVID-19 and its human rights dimensionsâ€, United Nation Human Rights Office of The High Commissioner, retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/COVID19Guidance.aspx
Rahardjo, S. (1979). “Budaya Hukum dalam Permasalahan Hukum di Indonesiaâ€, Paper, presented on 4th National Law Seminar Lecture, National Law Development Agency, Jakarta, 1979.
Rahmatullah, I. (2020). Jaminan Hak Kesehatan Pekerja Work from Office Selama Masa PSBB Covid-19. ‘ADALAH: Buletin Hukum dan Keadilan, 4(2), 57-62.
Ramadhan, R. A. (2020). “Kasus Positif Corona Hampir 100, Pemerintah RI Semakin Tertutup soal Data Pasienâ€, March 14, 2020, https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/kasus-positif-corona-hampir-100-pemerintah-ri-semakin-tertutup-soal-data-pasien-1t1YYtcSV38/full
Rawls, J. (1973). Some Ordinalist-Utilitarian Notes on Rawls’s Theory of Justice. The Journal of Philosophy, 70(9), 245-263.
Republic of Indonesia. (1945). The 1945 Constitution of Indonesia (UUD 1945).
Rousseau, J.J. (2018). Rousseau: The Social Contract and other later political writings, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
Santoso, B. (2020). “Kenapa Indonesia Masih Juga 'Tertutup' Soal Corona? Negara Lain Transparanâ€, March 13, 2020, https://www.suara.com/news/2020/03/13/111222/kenapa-indonesia-masih-juga-tertutup-soal-corona-negara-lain-transparan?page=all
Siallagan, H. (2016). Penerapan Prinsip Negara Hukum di Indonesia. Sosiohumaniora, 18(2), 131-137.
Sudrajat, T. (2011). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak Anak Sebagai Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Perspektif Sistem Hukum Keluarga di Indonesia. Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 13(2), 111-132.
Stanlis, P. J. (2015). Edmund Burke and the Natural Law. Piscataway, NJ United States: Transaction Publishers.
Straumann, B. (2009). Is Modern Liberty Ancient? Roman Remedies and Natural Rights in Hugo Grotius’s Early Works on Natural Law. Law and History Review, 27(1), 55-86.
Triwahyuningsih, T. (2018). Perlindungan dan Penegakan Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) di Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum Legal Standing, 2(2), 113–121.
Veruswati, M., & Asyary, A. (2017). Implementation of Information Systems Toward Health System Strengthening in Indonesia: A Policy Brief. Public Health of Indonesia, 3(3), 73-76. https://doi.org/10.36685/phi.v3i3.126
Widhana, D. H. (2020). “BNPB: Data Corona Kemenkes Tertutup & Tak Sinkron dengan Pemdaâ€, April 6, 2020, https://tirto.id/bnpb-data-corona-kemenkes-tertutup-tak-sinkron-dengan-pemda-eLh2
Zamani, L. (2020). “3 Perawat RSUD Bung Karno Solo Diusir dari Indekosâ€, April 27, 2020, https://regional.kompas.com/read/2020/04/27/16500591/3-perawat-rsud-bung-karno-solo-diusir-dari-indekos
[…] CESCR General Comment No 14. The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health. Committee on Social and Cultural Rights, 2000, https://www.refworld.org/docid/4538838d0.html
[…] https://www.who.int/news/item/30-03-2020-who-releases-guidelines-to-help-countries-maintain-essential-health-services-during-the-covid-19-pandemic