The Existence of Digital Platforms and the Challenges in Enforcement of Indonesian Competition Law
Article Sidebar
Published
Apr 30, 2023
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper delves into the transformative impact of digital platforms on the enforcement of Indonesian competition law. The advent of these platforms has revolutionized the competition law landscape, with their multisided nature marking a conceptual departure from traditional economic platforms. This study underscores the challenges faced by enforcement agencies in applying the efficiency and consumer welfare approach to business competition law cases involving digital platforms. Recognizing these challenges, there is a growing awareness of the need for an alternative enforcement perspective, notably emphasizing the principle of fairness. By combining an exploration of the unique challenges posed by digital platforms with the imperative for a nuanced enforcement approach, this research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the complexities surrounding Indonesian competition law in the evolving digital era.
Article Details
How to Cite
Jusmadi, R. (2023). The Existence of Digital Platforms and the Challenges in Enforcement of Indonesian Competition Law. Unnes Law Journal, 9(1), 183-204. https://doi.org/10.15294/ulj.v9i1.63114
Section
Research Article
References
Armstrong, Mark, 2006, Competition in Two-Sided Markets, The RAND Journal of Economics, Vol. 37, 668–691.
Asadullah, Ahmad, Isam Faik, & Atreyu Kankanhalli, 2018, Digital Platforms: A Review and Future Directions, Research Paper on Literature Review on Digital Platform, Twenty-Second Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems, Japan.
Barefoot, Kevin, Dave Curtis, William Jolliff, Jessica R. Nicholson, & Robert Omohundro, 2018, Defining and Measuring the Digital Economy. Working Paper. Bureau of Economic Analysis, United States Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. Available at: https://www.bea.gov/system/files/papers/WP2018-4.pdf.
Brennen, Scott & Daniel Kreiss, 2014, Digitalization and Digitization. Culture Digitally, 8. Available at: http://culturedigitally.org/2014/09/digitalization-and-digitization/.
Bukit, Rumana & Richard Heeks, 2017, Defining, Conceptualising and Measuring the Digital Economy, Working Paper Series, Centre for Development Informatics Global Development Institute, SEED, University of Manchester, Manchester.
Competition Commission South Africa, 2020, Competition in Digital Economy, Report Paper, September.
Dolmans, Maurits & Wanjie Lin, 2017, Fairness and Competition Law: A Fairness Paradox, Concurrences N4-2017, Competition Law Review.
Duch-Brown, Nestor, 2017, The Competitive Landscape of Online Platforms, European Commission JRC Digital Economic Working Paper 2017–04.
Duke, Arlene, 2007, Corones Competition Law in Australia, Thomson, Lawbook, Fourth ed.
Eisenmann, Tom, Geoffrey G. Parker, & Marshall W. Van Alstyne, 2006, Strategies for Two- Sided Markets, Harvard Business Review (84:10).
European Commission, 2017, Report on Competition Policy 2016, COM (2017) 285 final, May 31, 2017.
Faraj, Samer, Georg von Krogh, Eric Monteiro, & Karim R. Lakhani, 2016, Online Community as Space for Knowledge Flows, Information Systems Research, (27:4).
Hadjon, Philipus M. & Tatiek Sri Djatmiati, 2005, Argumentasi Hukum, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
Hagiu, Andrei, 2014. Strategic Decisions for Multisided Platforms, MIT Sloan Management Review (55:2).
Hagiu, Andrei & Julian Wright, 2014, Multisided Platforms. International Journal of Industrial Organization, Vol. 43, issue C, 162–174.
Hagiu, Andrei, 2007, Merchant or Two-Sided Platform? Review of Network Economics (6:2).
Hesse, Renata, 2016, And Never the Twain Shall Meet? Connecting Popular and Professional Visions for Antitrust Enforcement, Global Antitrust Enforcement Symposium, Washington DC, September 20.
Hernoko, Agus Yudha, 2010, Hukum Perjanjian Asas Proporsionalitas dalam Kontrak Komersial, Jakarta: Kencana.
Hutchinson, Terry, 2006, Researching and Writing in Law, Australia: Thomson Reuters.
Kaplow, Louis & Steven Shavell, 2000, Principles of Fairness Versus Human Welfare: On the Evaluation of Legal Policy, Harvard Law School John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics and Business Discussion Paper No. 277, (3/2000) (ssrn no. = 224946).
Kaplow, Louis & Steven Shavell, 2002, Fairness Versus Welfare, Cambridge, Ma., Harvard University Press.
Katz, Michael L., & Carl Shapiro, 1985, Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility, American Economic Review, Vol. 75, No. 3.
Kayne, Veronica G., et.al., 2007, Vertical Restraints: Resale Price Maintenance Territorial and Customer Restraint, Practising Law Institute, January-February.
Khan, Lina, 2018, The New Brandeis Movement: America’s Antimonopoly Debate, Editorial, Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, Vol. 9, No. 3.
Koh, Tan Koon and Mark Fichman, 2014. Multihoming Users' Preferences for Two-Sided Exchange Networks, MIS Quarterly (38:4).
Lamadrid de Pablo, Alfonso, 2017, Competition Law as Fairness, Editorial, Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, Vol. 8.
LEAR, 2019, Ex-Post Assessment of Merger Control Decisions in Digital Markets, Final Report.
Li, Jian, 2015, Is Online Media A Two-Sided Market? Computer Law & Security Review, Vol. 31, 1, 99–111.
Lubis, Andi Fahmi, et.al., 2017, Buku Teks Hukum Persaingan Usaha, Edisi Kedua, Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha (KPPU).
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud, 2014, Penelitian Hukum, Edisi Revisi, Cet. 9, Kencana: Jakarta
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2012a, OECD Internet Economy Outlook 2012. OECD Publishing, Paris.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2013, The Digital Economy, OECD, Paris. http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/The-DigitalEconomy-2012.pdf
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2014, Measuring the Digital Economy: A New Perspective. OECD Publishing, Paris.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2016, Big Data: Bringing Competition Policy to the Digital Era, DAF/COMP (2016)14, Paris, 27 October 2016.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2018, How Can Competition Contribute To Fairer Societies? Contribution from Greece, Global Forum on Competition, DAF/COMP/GF/WD(2018)1, 14 November.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2019, An Introduction to Online Platforms and their Role in the Digital Transformation.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2019, What is an “online platform”?, in An Introduction to Online Platforms and Their Role in the Digital Transformation, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/19e6a0f0-en.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2019, Background Note: Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum – Session III: Practical Approaches to Assessing Digital Platform Markets for Competition Law Enforcement.
Oxford Economics, 2011, The New Digital Economy - How it will transform business. White Paper, Oxford, UK; June 2011: Oxford Economics.
Parker, Geoffrey, Georgios Petropoulos, & Marshall Van Alstyne, 2020, Digital Platforms and Antitrust, Working Paper 06/2020, Bruegel.
Piezunka, Henning, 2011, Technological Platforms: An Assessment of The Primary Types of Technological Platforms, Their Strategic Issues and Their Linkages to Organizational Theory. Journal Betriebswirtsch, Vol. 61, 179–226.
Prospera (Australian Indonesia Partnership for Economic Development), 2019, Digital Platform Regulation, Prospera Policy Brief, 26 Juli.
Rochet, Jean C., & Jean Tirole, 2006, Two-Sided Markets: a Progress Report, RAND Journal of Economics (37:3).
Rochet, Jean C., & Jean Tirole, 2003, Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets. Journal of European Economic Association, Vol. 1, 990–1029.
Rysman, Marc, 2009, The Economics of Two-Sided Markets. Journal of Economic Perspective, Vol. 23, 125–143.
Shelanski, Howard A., 2013, Information, Innovation, and Competition Policy for the Internet, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 161: 1663.
Sivinski, Greg, Alex Okuliar, & Lars Kjolbye. 2017, Is Big Data a Big Deal? A Competition Law Approach to Big Data, European Competition Journal, 13:2-3, 199-227.
Spagnoletti, Paolo, Andrea Resca, & Gwanhoo Lee, 2015, A design theory for digital platforms supporting online communities: a multiple case study, Journal of Information Technology (30:4).
Staykova, Kalina S., & Jan Damsgaard, 2016, Adoption of Mobile Payment Platforms: Managing Reach and Range. Journal of Theoretical Applied Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 11, 65–84.
Tiwana, Amrit, Benn Konsynski, & Ashley A. Bush, 2010, Platform evolution: Coevolution of platform architecture, governance, and environmental dynamics, Information Systems Research (21:4).
Tranter, Kieran, 2017, Disrupting Technology Disrupting Law, Law, Culture and the Humanities Journal.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2019, Competition Issues in The Digital Economy, Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Competition Law and Policy, Trade and Development Commission, Eighteenth Session, Geneva, 10–12 July.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2021, Competition Law, Policy and Regulation in The Digital Era, Trade and Development Commission, Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Competition Law and Policy, Nineteenth Session, Geneva, 7–9 July.
Vestager, Margrethe, 2017, How Competition Can Build Trust In Our Societies, TED Talk New York 20 September 2017; Why Global Markets Need Rules, Ascona on 5 August 2017; Competition for a Fairer Society, Speech at 10th Annual Global Antitrust Enforcement Symposium, Georgetown, September 20, 2016; Working Together to Support Fairer Competition Worldwide, Speech at UCL Jevons Institute Conference, London, June 3, 2016; The Values of Competition Policy, Speech at CEPS Corporate Breakfast, Brussels, October 13, 2015; Luther And The Modern World, Speech at 9th Luther Conference and the award ceremony of the Luther Rose 2016, November 14, 2016.
Wibowo, Kodrat, 2021, Ekonomi dan Persaingan Usaha Pasca Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja di Tahun 2021, Makalah Presentasi Dalam Webinar Sosialisasi Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja, Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha (KPPU) Republik Indonesia.
World Economic Forum, 2019, Competition Policy in a Globalized, Digitalized Economy, Platform for Shaping the Future of Trade and Global Economic Interdependence, White Paper, December.
World Economic Forum, 2019, Platforms and Ecosystems: Enabling the Digital Economy.
Asadullah, Ahmad, Isam Faik, & Atreyu Kankanhalli, 2018, Digital Platforms: A Review and Future Directions, Research Paper on Literature Review on Digital Platform, Twenty-Second Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems, Japan.
Barefoot, Kevin, Dave Curtis, William Jolliff, Jessica R. Nicholson, & Robert Omohundro, 2018, Defining and Measuring the Digital Economy. Working Paper. Bureau of Economic Analysis, United States Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. Available at: https://www.bea.gov/system/files/papers/WP2018-4.pdf.
Brennen, Scott & Daniel Kreiss, 2014, Digitalization and Digitization. Culture Digitally, 8. Available at: http://culturedigitally.org/2014/09/digitalization-and-digitization/.
Bukit, Rumana & Richard Heeks, 2017, Defining, Conceptualising and Measuring the Digital Economy, Working Paper Series, Centre for Development Informatics Global Development Institute, SEED, University of Manchester, Manchester.
Competition Commission South Africa, 2020, Competition in Digital Economy, Report Paper, September.
Dolmans, Maurits & Wanjie Lin, 2017, Fairness and Competition Law: A Fairness Paradox, Concurrences N4-2017, Competition Law Review.
Duch-Brown, Nestor, 2017, The Competitive Landscape of Online Platforms, European Commission JRC Digital Economic Working Paper 2017–04.
Duke, Arlene, 2007, Corones Competition Law in Australia, Thomson, Lawbook, Fourth ed.
Eisenmann, Tom, Geoffrey G. Parker, & Marshall W. Van Alstyne, 2006, Strategies for Two- Sided Markets, Harvard Business Review (84:10).
European Commission, 2017, Report on Competition Policy 2016, COM (2017) 285 final, May 31, 2017.
Faraj, Samer, Georg von Krogh, Eric Monteiro, & Karim R. Lakhani, 2016, Online Community as Space for Knowledge Flows, Information Systems Research, (27:4).
Hadjon, Philipus M. & Tatiek Sri Djatmiati, 2005, Argumentasi Hukum, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
Hagiu, Andrei, 2014. Strategic Decisions for Multisided Platforms, MIT Sloan Management Review (55:2).
Hagiu, Andrei & Julian Wright, 2014, Multisided Platforms. International Journal of Industrial Organization, Vol. 43, issue C, 162–174.
Hagiu, Andrei, 2007, Merchant or Two-Sided Platform? Review of Network Economics (6:2).
Hesse, Renata, 2016, And Never the Twain Shall Meet? Connecting Popular and Professional Visions for Antitrust Enforcement, Global Antitrust Enforcement Symposium, Washington DC, September 20.
Hernoko, Agus Yudha, 2010, Hukum Perjanjian Asas Proporsionalitas dalam Kontrak Komersial, Jakarta: Kencana.
Hutchinson, Terry, 2006, Researching and Writing in Law, Australia: Thomson Reuters.
Kaplow, Louis & Steven Shavell, 2000, Principles of Fairness Versus Human Welfare: On the Evaluation of Legal Policy, Harvard Law School John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics and Business Discussion Paper No. 277, (3/2000) (ssrn no. = 224946).
Kaplow, Louis & Steven Shavell, 2002, Fairness Versus Welfare, Cambridge, Ma., Harvard University Press.
Katz, Michael L., & Carl Shapiro, 1985, Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility, American Economic Review, Vol. 75, No. 3.
Kayne, Veronica G., et.al., 2007, Vertical Restraints: Resale Price Maintenance Territorial and Customer Restraint, Practising Law Institute, January-February.
Khan, Lina, 2018, The New Brandeis Movement: America’s Antimonopoly Debate, Editorial, Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, Vol. 9, No. 3.
Koh, Tan Koon and Mark Fichman, 2014. Multihoming Users' Preferences for Two-Sided Exchange Networks, MIS Quarterly (38:4).
Lamadrid de Pablo, Alfonso, 2017, Competition Law as Fairness, Editorial, Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, Vol. 8.
LEAR, 2019, Ex-Post Assessment of Merger Control Decisions in Digital Markets, Final Report.
Li, Jian, 2015, Is Online Media A Two-Sided Market? Computer Law & Security Review, Vol. 31, 1, 99–111.
Lubis, Andi Fahmi, et.al., 2017, Buku Teks Hukum Persaingan Usaha, Edisi Kedua, Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha (KPPU).
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud, 2014, Penelitian Hukum, Edisi Revisi, Cet. 9, Kencana: Jakarta
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2012a, OECD Internet Economy Outlook 2012. OECD Publishing, Paris.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2013, The Digital Economy, OECD, Paris. http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/The-DigitalEconomy-2012.pdf
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2014, Measuring the Digital Economy: A New Perspective. OECD Publishing, Paris.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2016, Big Data: Bringing Competition Policy to the Digital Era, DAF/COMP (2016)14, Paris, 27 October 2016.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2018, How Can Competition Contribute To Fairer Societies? Contribution from Greece, Global Forum on Competition, DAF/COMP/GF/WD(2018)1, 14 November.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2019, An Introduction to Online Platforms and their Role in the Digital Transformation.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2019, What is an “online platform”?, in An Introduction to Online Platforms and Their Role in the Digital Transformation, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/19e6a0f0-en.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2019, Background Note: Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum – Session III: Practical Approaches to Assessing Digital Platform Markets for Competition Law Enforcement.
Oxford Economics, 2011, The New Digital Economy - How it will transform business. White Paper, Oxford, UK; June 2011: Oxford Economics.
Parker, Geoffrey, Georgios Petropoulos, & Marshall Van Alstyne, 2020, Digital Platforms and Antitrust, Working Paper 06/2020, Bruegel.
Piezunka, Henning, 2011, Technological Platforms: An Assessment of The Primary Types of Technological Platforms, Their Strategic Issues and Their Linkages to Organizational Theory. Journal Betriebswirtsch, Vol. 61, 179–226.
Prospera (Australian Indonesia Partnership for Economic Development), 2019, Digital Platform Regulation, Prospera Policy Brief, 26 Juli.
Rochet, Jean C., & Jean Tirole, 2006, Two-Sided Markets: a Progress Report, RAND Journal of Economics (37:3).
Rochet, Jean C., & Jean Tirole, 2003, Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets. Journal of European Economic Association, Vol. 1, 990–1029.
Rysman, Marc, 2009, The Economics of Two-Sided Markets. Journal of Economic Perspective, Vol. 23, 125–143.
Shelanski, Howard A., 2013, Information, Innovation, and Competition Policy for the Internet, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 161: 1663.
Sivinski, Greg, Alex Okuliar, & Lars Kjolbye. 2017, Is Big Data a Big Deal? A Competition Law Approach to Big Data, European Competition Journal, 13:2-3, 199-227.
Spagnoletti, Paolo, Andrea Resca, & Gwanhoo Lee, 2015, A design theory for digital platforms supporting online communities: a multiple case study, Journal of Information Technology (30:4).
Staykova, Kalina S., & Jan Damsgaard, 2016, Adoption of Mobile Payment Platforms: Managing Reach and Range. Journal of Theoretical Applied Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 11, 65–84.
Tiwana, Amrit, Benn Konsynski, & Ashley A. Bush, 2010, Platform evolution: Coevolution of platform architecture, governance, and environmental dynamics, Information Systems Research (21:4).
Tranter, Kieran, 2017, Disrupting Technology Disrupting Law, Law, Culture and the Humanities Journal.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2019, Competition Issues in The Digital Economy, Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Competition Law and Policy, Trade and Development Commission, Eighteenth Session, Geneva, 10–12 July.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2021, Competition Law, Policy and Regulation in The Digital Era, Trade and Development Commission, Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Competition Law and Policy, Nineteenth Session, Geneva, 7–9 July.
Vestager, Margrethe, 2017, How Competition Can Build Trust In Our Societies, TED Talk New York 20 September 2017; Why Global Markets Need Rules, Ascona on 5 August 2017; Competition for a Fairer Society, Speech at 10th Annual Global Antitrust Enforcement Symposium, Georgetown, September 20, 2016; Working Together to Support Fairer Competition Worldwide, Speech at UCL Jevons Institute Conference, London, June 3, 2016; The Values of Competition Policy, Speech at CEPS Corporate Breakfast, Brussels, October 13, 2015; Luther And The Modern World, Speech at 9th Luther Conference and the award ceremony of the Luther Rose 2016, November 14, 2016.
Wibowo, Kodrat, 2021, Ekonomi dan Persaingan Usaha Pasca Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja di Tahun 2021, Makalah Presentasi Dalam Webinar Sosialisasi Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja, Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha (KPPU) Republik Indonesia.
World Economic Forum, 2019, Competition Policy in a Globalized, Digitalized Economy, Platform for Shaping the Future of Trade and Global Economic Interdependence, White Paper, December.
World Economic Forum, 2019, Platforms and Ecosystems: Enabling the Digital Economy.