Mainstreaming Justice in the Establishment of Laws and Regulations Process: Comparing Case in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Australia
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper compares the cases of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Australia to examine how these countries incorporate principles of justice in the establishment of laws and regulations. It explores the significance of mainstreaming justice in lawmaking, emphasizing equitable representation, fair access to justice, and human rights considerations. The analysis highlights the legal frameworks and institutional structures in each country. In Indonesia, the role of the Constitutional Court and stakeholder involvement in the legislative process are examined. Malaysia's constitutional framework and efforts to address ethnic and religious diversity, as well as the role of judicial review, are discussed. Australia's common law system emphasizes parliamentary scrutiny, public consultations, and protection of individual rights through the High Court and parliamentary committees. This study provides insights into the diverse approaches and challenges faced by these countries in mainstreaming justice in their lawmaking processes. It contributes to understanding how justice can be effectively integrated into laws and regulations, offering valuable insights for policymakers and legal practitioners seeking to promote justice in legislative contexts.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All writings published in this journal are personal views of the authors and do not represent the views of this journal and the author's affiliated institutions. Author(s) retain copyrights under the licence of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0).
References
Arifin, Ridwan, Rodiyah Rodiyah, and Fadhilah Rizky Afriani Putri. "The Legal and Social Aspect for Underage Marriage Women's Education Rights in the Perspective of Human Rights: Contemporary Issues and Problems." Sawwa: Jurnal Studi Gender 15, No. 2 (2020): 219-240. https://doi.org/10.21580/sa.v15i2.5165
Arifin, Ridwan. "Capturing Various Ideas of Law and Justice in Indonesia and Global Perspective." Lex Scientia Law Review 6, No. 1 (2022): i-iv. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v6i1.58480
Arifin, Ridwan. "Legal Development and Globalization: Some Contemporary Issues in Indonesia and Global Context." Journal of Law and Legal Reform 1, No. 3 (2020): i-iv. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v1i3.38544
Arifin, Saru. "Illiberal Tendencies in Indonesian Legislation: The Case of the Omnibus Law on Job Creation." The Theory and Practice of Legislation 9, No. 3 (2021): 386-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/20508840.2021.1942374
Bakker, Laurens and Jaap Timmer. "Justice in Indonesia: The social life of a momentous concept." The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 15, No. 4 (2014): 293-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2014.922122
Behrendt, Larissa. Achieving Social Justice: Indigenous Rights and Australia's Future. (Alexandria, NSW: Federation Press, 2003).
Beitz, Charles R. The Idea of Human Rights. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
Bräuchler, Birgit. "The Revival Dilemma: Reflections on Human Rights, Self-Determination and Legal Pluralism in Eastern Indonesia." The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 42, No. 62 (2010): 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.2010.10756648
Butt, Daniel. "On Benefiting from Injustice." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 37, No. 1 (2007): 129-152. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40232312
Campbell, Tom. What Justice is About. (London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988).
Chan, Gary KY. "The Right of Access to Justice: Judicial Discourse in Singapore and Malaysia." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 2, No. 1 (2007): 1-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1932-0205.1036
Chan, Joseph, Ho-Pong To, and Elaine Chan. "Reconsidering Social Cohesion: Developing a Definition and Analytical Framework for Empirical Research." Social Indicators Research 75 (2006): 273-302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-2118-1
Chandranegara, Ibnu Sina, and Eka NAM Sihombing. "Emergency Law-Making in Indonesia: Between Political and Constitutional Process." Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues 24, No. 4 (2021): 1-7.
Ciravegna, Monia. "Ubi Societas, Ibi Ius: The Legal System." In Damanhur: An Esoteric Community Open to the World. (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022), pp. 75-96.
Crouch, Melissa, ed. The Politics of Court Reform: Judicial Change and Legal Culture in Indonesia. (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2019).
Cunneen, Chris, Barry Goldson, and Sophie Russell. "Juvenile justice, young people and human rights in Australia." Current Issues in Criminal Justice 28, No. 2 (2016): 173-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2016.12036067
Cunneen, Chris, et al. Juvenile Justice: An Australian Perspective. (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995).
Dewi, Yustina Trihoni Nalesti, W. Riawan Tjandra, and Grant R. Niemann. "Independence of Judicial Power as a Foundation of Human Rights Judicial Function in Indonesia." International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 6, No. 3 (2016): 239-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2016.V6.650
Dikuraisyin, Basar. "Sistem Hukum dan Peradilan Islam di Malaysia." Jurnal Keislaman Terateks 1, No. 3 (2017): 1-11.
Fahmiron, Fahmiron. "Independensi dan Akuntabilitas Hakim dalam Penegakan Hukum Sebagai Wujud Independensi dan Akuntabilitas Kekuasaan Kehakiman." Jurnal Litigasi 17, No. 2 (2016): 3467-3515. https://doi.org/10.23969/litigasi.v17i2.158
Farrar, Salim Ali. "Crime and Criminal Justice in Malaysia." In Handbook of Asian Criminology. (New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012), pp. 231-246.
Fitzpatrick, Suzanne, and Anwen Jones. "Pursuing Social Justice or Social Cohesion?: Coercion in Street Homelessness Policies in England." Journal of Social Policy 34, No. 3 (2005): 389-406. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279405008834
Flora, Henny Saida. "Keadilan Restoratif Sebagai Alternatif dalam Penyelesaian Tindak Pidana dan Pengaruhnya dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana di Indonesia." University of Bengkulu Law Journal 3, No. 2 (2018): 142-158. https://doi.org/10.33369/ubelaj.3.2.142-158
Folger, Robert, Russell Cropanzano, and Barry Goldman. "What is the Relationship Between Justice and Morality?." In Handbook of Organizational Justice. (London, UK: Psychology Press, 2013), pp. 215-245.
Fuller, Lon Luvois. The Morality of Law (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964).
Gangl, Amy. "Procedural Justice Theory and Evaluations of the Lawmaking Process." Political Behavior 25, No. 1 (2003): 119-149. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023847829172
Hamid, YAA Tan Sri Dato'Abdul. "Administration of Justice in Malaysia." The Denning Law Journal 2, No. 1 (1987): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v2i1.156
Hapsari, Judith Prima. "The Poor and Justice: Implementation of Legal Aid for the Poor in Indonesia (Problems and Solutions)." The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 3, No. 4 (2021): 553-568. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v3i4.48274
Harpa, Akhdiari. "Analisis Yuridis Pemberian Bantuan Hukum Bagi Masyarkat Miskin dalam Mewujudkan Akses Keadilan Terhadap Masyarakat Miskin." Tadulako Master Law Journal 3, No. 2 (2019): 113-124.
Helmke, Gretchen, and Frances Rosenbluth. "Regimes and the Rule of Law: Judicial Independence in Comparative Perspective." Annual Review of Political Science 12 (2009): 345-366. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.12.040907.121521
Hinsch, Wilfried. "Legitimacy and Justice." Political legitimization without morality? (2008): 39-52.
Holmes, Brenton. Citizens' Engagement in Policymaking and the Design of Public Services. (Canberra: Parliamentary Library, 2011).
Hopgood, Stephen. The Endtimes of Human Rights. (New York: Cornell University Press, 2018).
Ibrahim, Mohammad. "The judicialisation of discrimination in the Indonesian constitutional court." International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 22, No. 2 (2022): 125-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/13582291221094923
Ishak, Nurfaika. "Religious Tolerance in the Constitution and Guarantees for the Protection of Human Rights." Jurnal Scientia Indonesia 8, No. 1 (2022): 53-70. https://doi.org/10.15294/jsi.v8i1.35953
Itasari, Endah Rantau. "Equality and Non-Discrimination Principles in Providing Rights with Disabilities." Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH) 6, No. 2 (2020): 534-541. https://doi.org/10.23887/jkh.v6i2.28101
Jubba, Hasse, et al. "The Future Relations Between the Majority and Minority Religious Groups, Viewed from Indonesian Contemporary Perspective: A Case Study of The Coexistence of Muslims and the Towani Tolotang in Amparita, South Sulawesi." International Journal of Islamic Thought 16, No. 1 (2019): 13-23. https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.16.2019.002
Kananatu, Thaatchaayini. Minorities, Rights and the Law in Malaysia. (London: Routledge, 2020).
Khozen, Ismail, Priantoro Budi Saptono, and Mifia Septia Ningsih. "Questioning Open Government Principle within the Law-Making Process of Omnibus Law in Indonesia." Soshum: Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora 11, No. 2 (2021): 143-154. https://dx.doi.org/10.31940/soshum.v11i2.2483
Lessig, Lawrence. "The Regulation of Social Meaning." The University of Chicago Law Review 62, No. 3 (1995): 943-1045.
Lessig, Lawrence. Republic, lost: How Money Corrupts Congress—and a Plan to Stop It. (London: Hachette UK, 2015).
Lev, Daniel S. "Between State and Society: Professional Lawyers and Reform in Indonesia." In Legal Evolution and Political Authority in Indonesia. (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2000), pp. 305-320.
Lewis, Chris, and David Marsh. "Network Governance and Public Participation in Policy‐Making: Federal Community Cabinets in Australia." Australian Journal of Public Administration 71, No. 1 (2012): 6-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2012.00753.x
Macintyre, Stuart. Winners and Losers: The Pursuit of Social Justice in Australian History. (London: Routledge, 2020).
Manaf, Halimah Abdul, Ahmad Martadha Mohamed, and Alan Lawton. "Assessing Public Participation Initiatives in Local Government Decision-Making in Malaysia." International Journal of Public Administration 39, No. 11 (2016): 812-820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2015.1035788
McDaniel, Susan A. "Social cohesion and gender: Reflections on tendencies and tensions." Canadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers canadiens de sociologie (2003): 43-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3341874
McKemmish, Sue, et al. "Resetting Relationships: Archives and Indigenous Human Rights in Australia." Archives and Manuscripts 39, No. 1 (2011): 107-144.
Moeckli, Daniel. "Equality and Non-Discrimination." International Human Rights Law (2010): 189-208.
Moulds, Sarah Petronella, and Ying Hooi. "The Role of the People in Post Legislative Scrutiny: Perspectives from Malaysia and Australia." Journal of International Studies 16, No. 1 (2020): 1-23.
Moustafa, Tamir. "Judging in God’s name: State power, secularism, and the politics of Islamic law in Malaysia." Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 3, No. 1 (2014): 152-167. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojlr/rwt035
Mulcahy, Linda. Legal Architecture: Justice, Due Process and the Place of Law. (London: Routledge, 2010).
Murphy, Bernard, and Camille Cameron. "Access to Justice and the Elevation of Class Action Litigation in Australia." Melbourne University Law Review 30, No. 2 (2006): 399-440.
Murphy-Berman, Virginia, and John J. Berman. "Cross-cultural differences in perceptions of distributive justice: A comparison of Hong Kong and Indonesia." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 33, No. 2 (2002): 157-170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022102033002003
Nagy, Rosemary. "Transitional Justice as Global Project: Critical Reflections." Third World Quarterly 29, No. 2 (2008): 275-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590701806848
Nurdin, Boy and Khayitjon Turdiev. "Paradigm of Justice in Law Enforcement in the Philosophical Dimensions of Legal Positivism and Legal Realism." Lex Publica 8, No. 2 (2021): 65-74.
Nurudin, Suzie Mat, et al. "Public Participation Process at Local Government Administration: A Case Study of the Seremban Municipal Council, Malaysia." Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 211 (2015): 505-512.
Nuryanto, Carto. "Penegakan Hukum Oleh Hakim Dalam Putusannya Antara Kepastian Hukum dan Keadilan." Jurnal Hukum Khaira Ummah 13, No. 1 (2018): 71-84.
Orend, Brian. Human Rights: Concept and Context. (Peterborough, Canada: Broadview Press, 2002).
Panjaitan, Budi Sastra. "Forum Privilegiatum sebagai Wujud Peradilan yang Adil Bagi Masyarakat." Jurnal Media Hukum 25, No. 1 (2018): 40-47. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.2018.0100.40-47
Pietsch, Juliet, and Marshall Clark. "Citizenship Rights in Malaysia: The Experience of Social and Institutional Discrimination among Ethnic Minorities." Citizenship Studies 18, No. 3-4 (2014): 303-314. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2014.905270
Prasetianingsih, Rahayu. "Akuntabilitas Kekuasaan Kehakiman." Jurnal Konstitusi 8, No. 5 (2011): 829-848. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk858
Prasojo, Eko. "People and Society Empowerment: Perspektif Membangun Partisipasi Publik." Jurnal Ilmiah Administrasi Publik 4, No. 2 (2004): 10-24.
Purwanto, Arie, Anneke Zuiderwijk, and Marijn Janssen. "Citizen Engagement with Open Government Data: Lessons Learned from Indonesia’s Presidential Election." Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 14, No. 1 (2020): 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1108/TG-06-2019-0051
Raharjo, Agus, A. Angkasa, and Rahadi Wasi Bintoro. "Akses Keadilan Bagi Rakyat Miskin (Dilema dalam Pemberian Bantuan Hukum oleh Advokat)." Mimbar Hukum 27, No.3 (2015): 432-444. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.15881
Rahmatullah, Indra. "Menerobos Sekat Administrasi Peradilan." Refleksi Hukum: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 1, No. 2 (2017): 117-130. https://doi.org/10.24246/jrh.2017.v1.i2.p117-130
Ramadhani, Deaf Wahyuni, and Salsabilla Eriko. "Studi Perbandingan Sistem Peradilan Pidana Indonesia dan Malaysia." RECHTSTAAT NIEUW: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 7, No. 1 (2022): 1-11.
Ross, Alf. On Law and Justice. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019).
Rumadan, Ismail. "Peran Lembaga Peradilan Sebagai Institusi Penegak Hukum dalam Menegakkan Keadilan Bagi Terwujudnya Perdamaian." Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional 6, No. 1 (2017): 69-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33331/rechtsvinding.v6i1.128
Ruman, Yustinus Suhardi. "Keadilan Hukum dan Penerapannya dalam Pengadilan." Humaniora 3, No. 2 (2012): 345-353. https://doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v3i2.3327
Rundle, Kristen. "Fuller's Internal Morality of Law." Philosophy Compass 11, No. 9 (2016): 499-506. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12338
Rundle, Kristen. Forms Liberate: Reclaiming the Jurisprudence of Lon L Fuller. (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012).
Salzberger, Eli M. "A Positive Analysis of The Doctrine of Separation of Powers, or: Why Do We Have an Independent Judiciary?." International Review of Law and Economics 13, No. 4 (1993): 349-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8188(93)90029-5
Schiefer, David, and Jolanda Van der Noll. "The essentials of social cohesion: A literature review." Social Indicators Research 132 (2017): 579-603.
Shuaib, Farid Sufian. "Strengthening Administrative Institutions of Islamic Law in Malaysia: An Overview." Jurnal Syariah 16, No. 3 (2008): 443-464.
Somadiyono, Sigit. "Perbandingan Sistem Hukum antara Indonesia dan Malaysia." Wajah Hukum 4, No. 2 (2020): 414-420. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v4i2.243
Suaedy, Ahmad. "Islam and Minorities: Managing Identity in Malaysia." Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 48, No. 1 (2010): 1-44. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2010.481.1-44
Subarkah, Ibnu, et al. "The Obscurity of Judicial Independence towards Regulations with Legal Certainty in Indonesia." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 8, No. 11 (2021): 472-485. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i11.3254
Suhardin, Yohanes. "Fenomena Mengabaikan Keadilan dalam Penegakan Hukum." Mimbar Hukum 21, No. 2 (2009): 341-354. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16261
Sunstein, Cass R. "On the Expressive Function of Law." University of Pennsylvania Law Review 144, No. 5 (1996): 2021-2053.
Sutatiek, Sri. "Akuntabilitas Moral Hakim dalam Memeriksa, Mengadili, dan Memutus Perkara Agar Putusannya Berkualitas." Arena Hukum 6, No. 1 (2013): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2013.00601.1
Sutiyoso, Bambang. "Mencari Format Ideal Keadilan Putusan dalam Peradilan." Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 17, No. 2 (2010): 217-232. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol17.iss2.art3
Tapp, June L., and Lawrence Kohlberg. "Developing Senses of Law and Legal Justice." Journal of Social Issues 27, No. 2 (1971): 65-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1971.tb00654.x
Triwahyuningsih, Susani. "Perlindungan dan Penegakan Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) di Indonesia." Legal Standing: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 2, No. 2 (2018): 113-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ls.v2i2.1242
Tucker, Edwin W. "The Morality of Law, by Lon L. Fuller." Indiana Law Journal 40, No. 2 (1965): 270-279.
Tushnet, Mark. Taking the Constitution Away from the Courts. (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000).
Tushnet, Mark. Weak Courts, Strong Rights. (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2009).
Webb, Thomas E., and Robert Geyer. "The Drafters’ Dance: The Complexity of Drafting Legislation and the Limitations of ‘Plain Language’ and ‘Good Law’ initiatives." Statute Law Review 41, No. 2 (2020): 129-158. https://doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmz008
Widyawati, Anis et al. "Covid-19 and Human Rights: The Capture of the Fulfilment of Rights During the Covid Outbreaks." Unnes Law Journal 6, No. 2 (2020): 259-286. https://doi.org/10.15294/ulj.v6i2.42289
Wolcher, Louis E. Law's Task: The Tragic Circle of Law, Justice and Human Suffering. (London: Routledge, 2016).