Constitutional Limitations on Voting Rights under Articles 28D and 28J of Indonesia’s 1945 Constitution
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15294/ijpgc.v5i2.49883Keywords:
voting rights, constitutional rights, constitutional limitationsAbstract
This article examines constitutional limitations on voting rights under Articles 28D and 28J of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia within the framework of constitutional democracy and the rule of law. Although Article 28D guarantees equal political participation, Article 28J paragraph (2) simultaneously authorizes statutory limitations on constitutional rights, creating an unresolved constitutional tension between the protection of political rights and the State’s regulatory authority. Existing scholarship generally discusses limitations on human rights or electoral regulations separately, yet has not sufficiently developed a constitutional framework for assessing restrictions on voting rights through the interaction of Articles 28D and 28J. Using normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, this study analyzes constitutional provisions, electoral legislation, Constitutional Court decisions, and relevant legal doctrines. This article offers a theoretical contribution by constructing a constitutional framework based on proportionality, democratic necessity, non-discrimination, and the preservation of the essential content of rights to evaluate the legitimacy of voting rights restrictions. The findings demonstrate that restrictions on voting rights in Indonesia frequently prioritize administrative order and political stability over substantive constitutional protection. The study concludes that limitations on voting rights are constitutionally legitimate only when they satisfy a strict proportionality standard and remain consistent with democratic constitutionalism and the protection of fundamental political rights.
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