From Regulation to Realization: Legal Analysis of Electric Vehicle Policy in Indonesia, India, and Thailand
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v10i1.19670Keywords:
Legal Efforts, The National Automotive Industries, WTO, GATTAbstract
National electric cars play a strategic role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Challenges in developing nationally electric-based cars include infrastructure, regulations, and the readiness of the domestic industry to adopt new technologies. This article examines the challenges and opportunities within Indonesian law to develop a national electric car industry. This article is a legal study with a comparative approach focusing on India, Thailand, and Malaysia to identify best practices in their national electric car policy frameworks. The study reveals that Presidential Regulation No. 79 of 2023 on Electric Motor Vehicles is a stage to support sustainable development and a commitment to international environmental law such as the Paris Agreement. Although the Domestic Component Level policy has faced criticism in the context of global trade, this approach can be justified under international law if it aims at environmental protection, is proportionate, and is not discriminatory. This aligns with the WTO jurisprudence in the 2012 China-Raw Materials case and the recognition that Article XX of GATT allows countries to implement environmentally friendly policies. Thus, domestic component level protection is not protectionism but a part of a
Downloads
References
A. K., Syahmin. Pokok-Pokok Hukum Organisasi Internasional. (Bandung: Penerbit Bina Cipta, 1986).
Akib, Syubhan. Definisi Mobil Nasional Harus Dibuat. https://www.mobil123.com/berita/definisi-mobil-nasional-harus-dibuat/4149, (February 11, 2015). Accessed April 12, 2025.
Ardodi, Hendra, dan Yannes Martinus Pasaribu. “Tantangan dan Kompetensi Kunci Desainer Produk Industri dalam Membangun Masa Depan Sepeda Motor Listrik Nasional di Era Teknologi 4.0.” Jurnal Desain Indonesia, 31 Januari 2024, 15–38. https://doi.org/10.52265/jdi.v6i1.363.
Asti, Marina, Imama Supriyadi, dan Poernomo Yusgiantoro. “ANALISA PENGGUNAAN SEPEDA MOTOR LISTRIK BAGI TRANSPORTASI ONLINE TERHADAP KETAHANAN ENERGI (STUDI PADA GOJEK).” Jurnal Ketahanan Energi 6, no. 1 (2020): 19–38.
Business Motor International. Indonesia Autos Report Q4 2011. (London: Business Motor Internasional, 2011). Retrieved from https://www.jtrustbank.co.id/theme/Site/pdf/AnnualReport/AnnualReport2011.pdf
Chalmers, Ian., Jobhaar, M., & Arini, T. E, Konglomerasi: Negara dan Modal dalam Industri Otomotif Indonesia, 1950-1985. (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1996).
Chandrawulan, An-An. Hukum Perusahaan Multinasional. (Bandung: CV Keni Media, 2014).
Department of Heavy Industry—Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprise—Government of India. National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020. (New Delhi: Department of Heavy Industry—Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprise, 2012).
detikFinance. Mobnas Ala Mobil Timor Sempat Bermasalah dengan WTO, Bagaimana Proton? http://finance.detik.com/read/2015/02/09/185335/2828107/1036/mobnas-ala-mobil -timor-sempat-bermasalah-dengan-wto-bagaimana-proton, (February 9, 2015). Accessed April 12, 2025.
detikOto. Definisi Mobil Nasional perlu diseragamkan. https://oto.detik.com/catatan-pengendara-mobil/d-2139187/definisi-mobil-nasional-perlu-diseragamkan, (11 Januari 2013). Accessed April 12, 2025.
Effendy, Armansyah. Hukum Dagang Internasional: Sengketa Mobil Timor WTO. http://armansyaheffendy.wordpress.com/category/cakrawala-hati/ilmu-hukum/ (27 November 2011). Accessed April 12, 2025.
Electric Vehicle Association of Thailand (EVAT). Thailand EV Roadmap 2035. https://www.evat.or.th. Accessed April 12, 2025.
ERIA Study team, “EV Policies in ASEAN Countries”, in Naoko Doi, Alloysius Joko Purtanto, Shigeru Suehiro, Toshiya Okamura, Kazuhisa Takemura, Masami Iwai, Akira Matsumoto, Kaita Katayama (eds), Study on Policies and Infrastructure Development for the Wider Penetration of Electrified Vehicle in ASEAN Countries. ERIA Research Project Report FY2022 No. 18, Jakarta: ERIA, pp. 1-43.
Feld, Danielle Spiegel, dan Stephanie Switzer. “The Yale Journal of International Law Online.” Yale Journal of International Law Online 38 (5 Agustus 2012).
G. M., Nayazri. Akhirnya Proton Bicara soal Kerja Sama dengan Esemka. https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2017/02/20/074200415/akhirnya.proton.bicara.soal.kerja.sama.dengan.esemka, (February 20, 2017). Accessed April 12, 2025.
Government of India—Ministry of Heavy Industries. FAME India Scheme Phase II, https://heavyindustries.gov.in/fame-ii, (t.t.). Accessed April 12, 2025.
Government Public Relations Department—Office of the Prime Minister of Thailand.
Thailand EV Policy Roadmap 2035. www.thaigov.go.th/news/contents/details/43230. Accessed April 12, 2025.
Herdegen, Matthias. Principles of International Economic Law 2nd Edition. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).
Indraprahasta, G. S., dan Anugerah Yuka Asmara, Pengembangan Mobil Nasional (Bermerek Lokal) di Indonesia Mungkinkan? (Jakarta: LIPI Press, 2015).
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES). EV Policy Comparison in ASEAN: Progress, Gaps, and Challenges. (2021), https://www.iges.or.jp/en/pub/ev-policy-asean/en. Accessed April 12, 2025.
Jibi, Solopos, dan Danie H. Soe’oed. Sukiyat: Hampir Semua Komponen Mobil Esemka Mencomot Mobil Lain. https://solopos.espos.id/esemka-sukiyat-hampir-semua-komponen-mencomot-mobil-lain-167458-167458, (March 3, 2012). Accessed April 12, 2025.
Kementerian Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional/Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (Kementerian PPN/Bappenas), Low Carbon Development: A Paradigm Shift Towards a Green Economy in Indonesia, (Jakarta: Kementerian PPN/Bappenas, 2019).
Kementerian Perindustrian. Siap Masuki Era Kendaraan Listrik, Indonesia Fokus Bangun Ekosistem. https://kemenperin.go.id/artikel/22865/Siap-Masuki-Era-Kendaraan-Listrik,-Indonesia-Fokus-Bangun-Ekosistem, (16 Oktober 2021). Accessed April 12, 2025.
M., Anazawa. “The Automotive Industry in Malaysia”, in Schröder, M., F. Iwasaki and H. Kobayashi (Eds.). Promotion of Electromobility in ASEAN: States, Carmakes, and Internasional Production Networks. ERIA Research Project Report FY 2021 No. 03, Jakarta: ERIA: 61-86.
Meliala, A. J. Penyelesaian Sengketa dalam Perdagangan Internasional: Studi tentang Sengketa Indonesia Versus Amerika Serikat, Eropa, dan Jepang Mengenai Mobil Nasional. (Depok: Skripsi—Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Indonesia, 2011).
Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC)—Government of India. Battery Waste Management Rules. (New Delhi: MoFECC, 2022).
Pandika, Rusli. Sanksi Dagang Unilateral: Di Bawah Sistem Hukum WTO, (Bandung: Alumni, 2010).
Peraturan Menteri Perindustrian Nomor 6 tahun 2022 tentang Spesifikasi, Peta Jalan Pengembangan, dan Ketentuan Penghitungan Nilai Tingkat Komponen Dalam Negeri Kendaraan Bermotor Listrik Berbasis Baterai (Battery Electric Vehicle).
Podium. Mobil Timor. http://www.podiuminteraktif.com/berita-1870-partai-nasrep-dan-mobil -timor.html, (2013). Accessed April 12, 2025.
R., Muchus Budi. Esemka Gandeng Proton, Wali Kota Solo: Kami Kecewa. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3157060/esemka-gandeng-proton-wali-kota-solo-kami-kecewa, (March 3, 2016). Accessed April 12, 2025.
Siregar, Mahmul. Hukum Perdagangan Internasional, Bahan Kuliah Program Studi Ilmu Hukum. (Medan: Sekolah Pascasarjana USU, 2009).
Sutrisno, Nandang. “Efektifitas Ketentuan-Ketentuan World Trade Organization tentang Perlakuan Khusus dan Berbeda Bagi Negara Berkembang: Implementasi dalam Praktek dan dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa.” Jurnal Hukum 16, no. Edisi Khusus (Oktober 2009): 1–29.
Thai Government PR Department. Draft Law on EV Development. https://www.thaigov.go.th/news/contents/details/57733, (2022). Accessed April 12, 2025.
United Nations Climate Change (UNCC). Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs, (t.t.). Accessed April 12, 2025.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Thailand. Thailand launches National Electric Vehicle Policy Committee. https://www.undp.org/thailand/news/thailand-launches-national-electric-vehicle-policy-committee. Accessed April 12, 2025.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Emissions Gap Report 2020. (Nairobi: UNEP, 2020).
Van den Bossche, P dan Werner Zdouc. The Law and Policy of The World Trade Organization Third Edition. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
Vincent Birot. BOI Incentives for Battery Electronic Vehicles. https://lexnovapartners.com/boi-incentives-for-battery-electric-vehicles/, (24 Mei 2024). Accessed April 12, 2025.
Downloads
Published
Article ID
19670Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Hanif Nur Widhiyanti, Ipop Abdi Prabowo, Safinaz Mohd. Hussein (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All writings published in this journal are the personal views of the authors and do not represent the views of this journal and the author's affiliated institutions. Author(s) retain copyrights under the license of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0).
