Potency of Bioactive Compound of Rice Bran for Colon Cancer Prevention

Safrida Safrida(1), Slamet Budijanto(2), Lilis Nuraida(3), Bambang Pontjo Priosoeryanto(4),

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v16i2.21133


(1) Department of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia.
(2) Department of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia.
(3) Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia.
(4) Department of Veterinary Clinic Reproduction and Pathology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia.

Abstract

Colon cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world. Bioactive compounds in rice bran have a very active role as antiproliferation of colon cancer cells such as ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, sinapic acid, tricin, luteolin, apigenin, myrecitin, rutin, isorhamnetin, γ-oryzanol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, γ-tocotrienol, β-sitosterol, phytic acid, and hemicellulose. Mechanism of the bioactive compounds in cells varied, including modulation of a cell cycle, activation of immune cells, damage of a lipid layer and mitochondrial membrane, activation of caspase proteins, inhibition of protein cell tumor invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis, and also acts as an antioxidant. Therefore, the existence of the scientific studies results of this review with the potential availability of adequate rice bran in Indonesia is very potential to be developed.

Keywords

Rice bran, Bioactive compound, Colon cancer

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abdel-Aal, El-S.M., Young, J.C., & Rabalski, I., 2006. Anthocyanin Composition in Black, Blue, Pink, Purple, and Red Cereal Grains. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,54(13):4696-4704. doi.org/10.1021/jf0606609

Alauddina, M., Islama, J., Shirakawa, H., Kosekib, T., Ardiansyah, & Komaia, M., 2017. Rice Bran as A Functional Food: An Overview of The Conversion of Rice Bran into A Superfood/Functional Food : An Overview of The Conversion of Rice Bran into A Superfood/Functional Food. London : InTechOpen.

Alonso-Castro, A.J., Domínguez, F., & García-Carrancá, A., 2013. Rutin Exerts Antitumor Effects on Nude Mice Bearing SW480 Tumor. Arch Med Res, 44(5):346-351.doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.06.002.

Anand, P., Sundaram, C., Jhurani, S., Kunnumakkara, A.B., & Aggarwal, B.B., 2008. Curcumin and Cancer : An “Old-Age†Disease with An “Age Old†Solution. Cancer Lett, 267(1):133-164. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.025.

Anggraini, T., Novelina, Limber, U., & Amelia, R., 2015. Antioxidant Activities of Some Red, Black and White Rice Cultivar from West Sumatra, Indonesia. Pak. J. Nutr, 14(2):112-117. doi: 10.3923/pjn.2015.112.117

Ardiansyah, Shirakawa, H., Koseki, T., Ohinata, K., Hashizume, K., & Komai, M., 2006. Rice Bran Fractions Improve Blood Pressure, Lipid Profile, and Glucose Metabolism in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Agric Food Chem, 54(5):1914-1920.doi:10.1021/jf052561l

Ashokkumar, P., & Sudhandiran, G., 2011. Luteolin Inhibits Cell Proliferation During Azoxymethane-Induced Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis Via Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Invest New Drugs, 29(2):273-284.doi: 10.1007/s10637-009-9359-9

Badan Pusat Statistik, 2018. Luas Panen dan Produksi Beras di Indonesia 2018.

Balaji, C., Muthukumaran, J., Vinothkumar, R., & Nalini, N., 2014. Anticancer Effects of Sinapic Acid on Human Colon Cancer Cell Lines HT-29 and SW480. International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives, 5(3):176-183.

Baskar, A.A., Ignacimuthu, S., Paulraj, G.M., & AlNumair, K.S., 2010. Chemopreventive Potential of beta-Sitosterol in Experimental Colon Cancer Model-An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 10(24):1-10.doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-10-24.

Bouzaiene, N.N., Jaziri, S.K., Kovacic, H., Chekir-Ghedira, L., Ghedira, K., & Luis, J., 2015. The Effects of Caffeic, Coumaric and Ferulic Acid on Proliferation, Superoxide Production, Adhesion and Migration of Human Tumor In Vitro. Eur J Pharmacol, 766:799-105. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.09.044

Bray, F., Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Siegel, R.L., Torre, L.A., & Jemal, A., 2018. Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. Ca Cancer J Clin, 68(6):394-424. doi: 10.3322/caac.21492

Budijanto, S., Sitanggang, A.Z., Wiaranti, H., & Koesbiantoro, B., 2012. Pengembangan Teknologi Sereal Sarapan Bekatul dengan Menggunakan Twin Screw Extruder. J. Pascapanen, 9(2):63-69.doi.org/10.21082/jpasca.v9n2.2012.63-69

Cai, H., Al-Fayez, M., Tunstall, R.G., Platton, S., Greaves, P., Steward, W.P., & Gescher, A.J., 2005. The Rice Bran Constituent Tricin Potently Inhibits Cyclooxygenase Enzymes and Interferes with Intestinal Carcinogenesis in ApcMin Mice. Mol Cancer Ther, 4(9):1287-1292.doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-05-0165

aCempaka, L., Eliza, N., Ardiansyah, D.D., Handoko, & Astuti, R.M., 2018. Proximate composition, total phenolic content, and sensory analysis of rice bran tempe. Makara Journal of Science. 2018 Jun 6;22(2):89-94.doi/org/10.7454/mss.v22i2.9616

bCempaka, L., Casa, N., & Asiah, N., 2018. Chemical Composition and Sensory Analysis of Simulated Chips Based Rice Bran Tempe Flour. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science. 6(3):826-34.doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.6.3.25

Chiang, E.P., Tsai, S.Y., Kuo, Y.H., Pai, M.H., Chiu, H.L., Rodriguez, R.L., Tang, Feng-Yao., 2014. Caffeic Acid Derivatives Inhibit The Growth of Colon Cancer: Involvement of The PI3-K/Akt and AMPK Signaling Pathways. PLoS One, 9(6):e99631. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099631

Focaccetti, C., Bruno, A., Magnani, E., Bartolini, D., Principi, E., Dallaglio, K., Bucci, E.O., Finzi, G., Sessa, F., Noonan, D.M., & Albini, A., 2015. Effects of 5-Fluorouracil on Morphology, Cell Cycle, Proliferation, Apoptosis, Autophagy and ROS Production in Endothelial Cells and Cardiomyocytes. PLoS One, 10(2):1-25.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115686

Garciaâ€Conesa, M.T., Wilson, P.D., Plumb, G.W., Ralph, J., & Williamson, G., 1999. Antioxidant Properties of 4,4'â€Dihydroxyâ€3,3'â€Dimethoxyâ€Î²,β'â€Bicinnamic Acid (8,8â€Diferulic Acid, Non-cyclic Form). J. Sci. Food Agric, 79(3):379–384.doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(19990301)79:3<379::aid-jsfa259>3.0.co;2-v

Ghasemzadeh, A., Karbalaii, M.T., Jaafar, H.Z.E., & Rahmat, A., 2018. Phytochemical Constituents, Antioxidant Activity, and Antiproliferative Properties of Black, Red, and Brown Rice Bran. Chem Cent J, 17;12(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s13065-018-0382-9

Ghoneum, M. & Agrawal, S., 2011. Activation of Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells In Vitro By The Biological Response Modifier Arabinoxylan Rice Bran (MGN-3/Biobran). Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol, 24(4):941-948.doi:10.1177/039463201102400412

Giftson, J.S., Jayanthi, S., & Nalini, N., 2010. Chemopreventive Efficacy of Gallic Acid, An Antioxidant and Anticarcinogenic Polyphenol, Against 1,2-Dimethyl Hydrazine Induced Rat Colon Carcinogenesis. Invest New Drugs, 28(3):251–259. doi: 10.1007/s10637-009-9241-9

Goufo, P., Pereira, J., Figuiredo, N., Oliveira, M.B.P.P., Carranca, C., Eduardo, A.S., & Trindade, H., 2014. Effect of Elevated Carbon Dioxide (CO2) on Phenolic Acids, Flavonoids, Tocopherols, Tocotrienols, γ-Oryzanol and Antioxidant Capacities of Rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Cereal Sci, 59(1):15-24. doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2013.10.013

Guan, F., Li, G., Liu, A.B., Lee, M.J., Yang, Z., Chen, Y.K., Lin, Y., Shih, W., & Yang, C.S., 2012. δ- and γ-Tocopherols, but not α-Tocopherol, Inhibit Colon Carcinogenesis in Azoxymethane-Treated F344 Rats. Cancer Prev Res (Phila), 5(4):644-654.doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0521

Henderson, A.J., Ollila, C.A., Kumar, A., Borresen, E.C., Raina, K., Agarwal, R., & Ryan, E.P., 2012. Chemopreventive Properties of Dietary Rice Bran: Current Status and Future Prospects. Adv Nutr, 3(5):643-653. doi: 10.3945/an.112.002303

Hermanianto, J., Syarief, R., & Wulandari, Z., 2000. Analisis Sifat Fisiokimia Produk Ekstrusi Hasil Samping Penggilingan Padi (Menir dan Bekatul). Bul. Teknol. dan lndustri Pangan, 11(1):5-10.

Hosoda, K., Sasahara, H., Matsushita, K., Tamura, Y., Miyaji, M., & Matsuyama, H., 2018. Anthocyanin and Proanthocyanidin Contents, Antioxidant Activity, and In Situ Degradability of Black and Red Rice Grains. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 31(8): 1213–1220.doi: 10.5713/ajas.17.0655

Huang, Y.P., & Lai, H.M., 2016. Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidative Activity of Colored Rice Bran. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 24(3):564-74. doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2016.01.004

Hui, C., Bin, Y., Xiaoping, Y., Long, Y., Chunye, C., Mantian M., & Wenhua, L., 2010. Anticancer Activities of An Anthocyanin-Rich Extract From Black Rice Against Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Nutr Cancer, 62(8):1128-1136. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2010.494821

[IARC] International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2018. Indonesia Source: Globocan 2018.The Global Cancer Observatory.

Islam, J., Koseki, T., Watanabe, K., Ardiansyah., Budijanto, S., Oikawa, A., Alauddin, M., Goto, T., Aso, H., Komai, M., & Shirakawa, H., 2017. Dietary Supplementation of Fermented Rice Bran Effectively Alleviates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis in Mice. Nutrients, 9(7): 747.doi:10.3390/nu9070747

Jaganathan, S.K., Supriyanto, E., & Mandal, M., 2013. Events Associated with Apoptotic Effect of p-Coumaric Acid in HCT-15 Colon Cancer Cells. World J Gastroenterol, 19(43):7726-7734.doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i43.7726

Janicke, B., Hegardt, C., Krogh, M., Onning, G., Akesson, B., Cirenajwis, H.M., & Oredsson, S.M., 2011. The Antiproliferative Effect of Dietary Fiber Phenolic Compounds Ferulic Acid and p-Coumaric Acid on The Cell Cycle of Caco-2 Cells. Nutr Cancer, 63(4):611-622. doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2011.538486

Katanasaka, Y., Ishii, T., Asai, T., Naitou, H., Maeda, N., Koizumi, F., Miyagawa, S., Ohashi, N., & Oku N., 2010. Cancer Antineovascular Therapy with Liposome Drug Delivery Systems Targeted to BiP/GRP78. Int J Cancer, 127(11):2685-2698. doi: 10.1002/ijc.25276

Kawabata, K., Yamamoto, T., Hara, A., Shimizu, M., Yamada, Y., Matsunaga, K., Tanaka, T., & Mori, H., 2000. Modifying Effects of Ferulic Acid on Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in F344 Rats. Cancer Lett, 157(1):15-21.doi:10.1016/s0304-3835(00)00461-4

Kawasaki, B.T., Hurt, E.M., Mistree, T., & Farrar, W.L., 2008. Targeting cancer stem cells with phytochemicals. Molecular interventions, 8(4):174–184.doi: 10.1124/mi.8.4.9.

Kim, M.E., Ha, T.K., Yoon, J.H., & Lee, J.S., 2014. Myricetin Induces Cell Death of Human Colon Cancer Cells Via BAX/BCL2-Dependent Pathway.Anticancer Res, 34(2):701-706.

Kim, S.P., Kang, M.Y., Nam, S.H., & Friedman, M., 2012. Dietary Rice Bran Component γ-oryzanol Inhibits Tumor Growth in Tumor-Bearing Mice. Mol. Nutr. Food Res, 56(6):935-944.

Kumar, S., 2014. The Importance of Antioxidant and Their Role in Pharmaceutical Science-A Review. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(1):27-44.

Kurniawati, M., Budijanto, S., & Yuliana, N.D., 2016. Karakterisasi dan Indeks Glikemik Beras Analog Berbahan Dasar Tepung Jagung. J. Gizi Pangan, 11 (3):169-174. doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2016.11.3.%25p

Kusumastuty, I., Ningsih, L.F., & Julia, A.R., 2015. Formulasi Food Bar Tepung Bekatul dan Tepung Jagung sebagai Pangan Darurat. Indonesia Journal of Human Nutrition, 2(2):68-75. doi.org/10.21776/ub.ijhn.2015.002.02.1

Lamberts, L., Bie, E.De., Derycke, V., Veraverbeke, W.S., Man, W.De, & Delcour, J.A., 2016 Effect of Processing Conditions on Color Change of Brown and Milled Parboiled Rice. Cereal Chem, 83(1):80–85. doi.org/10.1094/CC-83-0080

Laokuldilok, T., Shoemaker, C.F., Jongkaewwattana, S., & Tulyathan, V., 2011. Antioxidants and Antioxidant Activity of Several Pigmented Rice Brans. J. Agric. Food Chem, 59(1):193-199. doi: 10.1021/jf103649q

Law, B.M.H., Waye, M.M.Y., So, W.K.W., & Chair, S.Y., 2017. Hypotheses on The Potential of Rice Bran Intake to Prevent Gastrointestinal Cancer Through The Modulation of Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci, 18(7)pii: E1352.doi:10.3390/ijms18071352

Li, C., Yang, X., Chen, C., Cai, S., & Hu, J., 2014. Isorhamnetin Suppresses Colon Cancer Cell Growth Through The PI3K Akt mTOR Pathway. Mol Med Rep. 9(3):935-940.doi: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1886

Limtrakul, D.P., Semmarath, W., & Mapoung, S., 2019. Anthocyanins and Proanthocyanidins in Natural Pigmented Rice and Their Bioactivities : Phytochemicals in Human Health. London : InTechOpen

Limtrakul, P., Yodkeeree, S., Pitchakarn, P., & Punfa, W., 2016. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Proanthocyanidin-Rich Red Rice Extract Via Suppression of MAPK, AP-1 and NF-kB Pathways in Raw 264.7 Macrophages. Nutr Res Pract, 10(3):251-258.doi: 10.4162/nrp.2016.10.3.251

Manickavasagan, A., Santhakumar, C., & Venkatachalapathy, N., 2017. Brown rice. Switzerland : Springer Nature.

McIlwain, D.R., Berger, T., & Mak, T.W., 2013. Caspase Functions in Cell Death and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 5(4):a008656. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008656

Min, B., McClung, A., & Chen, M.H., 2014. Effects of Hydrothermal Processes on Antioxidants in Brown, Purple and Red Bran Whole Grain Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Food Chem, 159:106-15. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.164

Moongngram, A., Daomukda, N., & Khumpika S., 2012. Chemical Compositions, Phytochemical, and Antioxidant Capacity of Rice Bran, Rice Bran Layer, and Rice Germ. APCBEC Procedia, 2:73-79. doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.06.014

Nakornriab, M., Sriseadka, T., & Wongpornchai, S., 2008. Quantification of Carotenoid and Flavonoid Compounds in Brans of Some Thai Black Rice Cultivars Using Supercritical Fluid Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Food Lipids, 15(4):488–503.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4522.2008.00135.x

Nasrallah, A. & El-Sibai, M., 2014. Colorectal Cancer Causes and Treatments: A Minireview. The Open Colorectal Cancer Journal, 24;7:1-4.doi: 10.2174/1876820201407010001

Norazalina, S., Norhaizan, M.E., Hairuszah, I., & Norashareena, M.S., 2010. Anticarcinogenic Efficacy of Phytic Acid Extracted From Rice Bran on Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 62(3):259-268.doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.04.002

Noviasari, S., Kusnandar, F., Setiyono, A., Budi, F.S., & Budijanto, S., 2019. Profile of Phenolic Compounds, DPPH-Scavenging and Anti α-amylase Activity of Black Rice Bran Fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus. Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sc, 42 (2): 489 - 501.

Oliveira, Mdos, S., Feddern, V., Kupsk, L., Cipolatti, E.P., Badialeâ€Furlong, E., de Souzaâ€Soares, L.A., 2011. Changes in Lipid, Fatty Acids and Phospholipids Composition of Whole Rice Bran After Solid-State Fungal Fermentation. Bioresour Technol, 102(17):8335-8338. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.025

Pandurangan, A.K., & Ganapsam, S., 2013. Luteolin Induces Apoptosis in Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis Through Involvement of Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3. J Chem Pharm Res, 5(4):143-8.

Pandurangan, A.K., Dharmalingam, P, Ananda, SK, Ganapasam S., 2012. Effect of Luteolin on The Levels of Glycoproteins During Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Mice. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13(4):1569-1573.doi:10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.4.1569

Pandurangan, A.K., Dharmalingam, P., Sadagopan, S.K., & Ganapasam, S., 2014. Luteolin Inhibits Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 and 2 in Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis. Hum Exp Toxicol, 33(11):1176-1185.doi: 10.1177/0960327114522502

Pang, Y., Ahmed, S., Xu, Y., Beta, T., Zhu, Z., Shao, Y., & Bao, J., 2017. Bound Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Properties of Whole Grain and Bran of White, Red and Black Rice. Food Chemistry, 240(2018):212-221.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.095

Pavlou, S., Wang, L., Xu, H., & Chen, M., 2017. Higher Phagocytic Activity of Thioglycollate-Elicited Peritoneal Macrophages is Related to Metabolic Status of The Cells. J Inflamm (Lond), 14(4):1-6.doi: 10.1186/s12950-017-0151-x

Poulev, A., Chen, M.H., Cherravuru, S., Raskin, I., & Belanger, F.C., 2017. Variation in Levels of The Flavone Tricin in Bran from Rice Genotypes Varying in Pericarp Color. Journal of Cereal Science, 79(7):226-232. doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2017.11.001

Prasad, M.N.N., Sanjay, K.R., Khatokar, M.S., Vismaya, M.N., & Swamy, N., 2011. Health Benefits of Rice Bran - A Review. J Nutr Food Sci, 1(3) : 1-7. doi:10.4172/2155-9600.1000108

Prasad, S., Gupta, S.C., Tyagi, A.K., & Aggarwal, B.B., 2016. γ-Tocotrienol Suppresses Growth Andsensitises Human Colorectal Tumours to Capecitabine in A Nude Mouse Xenograft Model by Down-Regulating Multiple Molecules. Br J Cancer. 115(7):814-824. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2016.257

Pratiwi, R., & Purwestri, Y.A., 2017. Black Rice as A Functional Food in Indonesia. Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 7(3):182-194. doi: 10.31989/ffhd.v7i3.310

Ramos, A.A., Pereira-Wilson, C., & Collins, A.R., 2010. Protective Effects of Ursolic Acid and Luteolin Against Oxidative DNA Damage Include Enhancement of DNA Repair in Caco-2 Cells. Mutat Res, 692(1-2):6-11. doi: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.07.004

Rashid, N.Y.A., Razak, D.L.A., Jamaluddin, A., Sharifuddin, S.A., & Long, K., 2015. Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Rice Bran Fermented With Lactic Acid Bacteria. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 11(2):156-162. doi: 10.21161/mjm.12714

Rezaei, M., Zeidooni, L., Hashemitabar, M., Razzazzadeh, S., Mahdavinia, M., & Ghasemi, K., 2014. Gamma-Tocopherol Enhances Apoptotic Effects of Lovastatin in Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cell Line (HT29). Nutr Cancer, 66(8):1386-1393.doi: 10.1080/01635581.2014.956250

Shafie, N.H., Mohd Esa, N., Ithnin, H., Md, Akim, A., Saad, N., & Pandurangan, A.K., 2013. Preventive Inositol Hexaphosphate Extracted From Rice Bran Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Through Involvement of Wnt/ð›½-Catenin and COX-2 Pathways. Biomed Res Int, 2013:1-10. doi: 10.1155/2013/681027

Shao, Y., Xu, F., Sun, X., Bao, J., & Beta T., 2014. Identification and Quantification of Phenolic Acids and Anthocyanins as Antioxidants in Bran, Embryo and Endosperm of White, Red and Black Rice Kernels (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Cereal Science, 59(2):211-218. doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2014.01.004

Sharma, S.H., Chellappan, D.R., Chinnaswamy, P., & Nagarajan, S., 2017. Protective Effect of p-Coumaric Acid Against 1,2 Dimethylhydrazine Induced Colonic Preneoplastic Lesions in Experimental Rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 94:577-588.doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.146

Sharma, S.H., Rajamanickam, V., & Nagarajan, S., 2018. Antiproliferative Effect of p-Coumaric Acid Targets UPR Activation By Downregulating Grp78 in Colon Cancer. Chem Biol Interact, 291:16-28. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.06.001

Subramanian, A.P., Jaganathan, S.K., Mandal, M., Supriyanto, E., Muhamad, II., 2016. Gallic Acid Induced Apoptotic Events in HCT-15 Colon Cancer Cells. World J Gastroenterol, 22(15):3952-3961. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i15.3952

Sumczynski, D, Kotásková, E., bíková, H.D., & MlÄek J., 2016. Determination of Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Free and Bound Phenolics Compounds and In Vitro Digestibility of Commercial Black and Red Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties. Food Chem, 211:339-346.doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.081

Sun, Q., Spiegelman, D., Van, D.R.M., Holmes, M.D., Malik, V.S., Willett, W.C., & Hu, F.B., 2010. White Rice, Brown Rice, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in US Men and Women. Arch Intern Med, 170(11):961-969. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.109

Tuarita, M.Z., Sadek, N.F., Sukarno, Yuliana, N.D., & Budijanto, S., 2017 Pengembangan Bekatul sebagai Pangan Fungsional: Peluang, Hambatan, dan Tantangan. Jurnal Pangan, 26(2):167-176.

Turktekin, M., Konac, E., Onen, H.I., Alp, E., Yilmaz, A., & Menevse, S., 2011. Evaluation of The Effects of The Flavonoid Apigenin on Apoptotic Pathway Gene Expression on The Colon Cancer Cell Line (HT29). J Med Food, 14(10):1107-1117. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2010.0208

Um, M.Y., Ahn, J., & Ha, T.Y., 2013. Hypolipidaemic Effects of Cyanidin 3-Glucoside Rich Extract From Black Rice Through Regulating Hepatic Lipogenic Enzyme Activities. J Sci Food Agric, 93(12):3126-3128. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6070

Wang, W., VanAlstyne, P.C., Irons, K.A., Chen, S., Stewart, J.W, & Birt, D.F., 2004. Individual and Interactive Effects of Apigenin Analogs on G2/M Cell-Cycle Arrest in Human Colon Carcinoma Cell Lines. Nutrition and Cancer, 48(1):106-114.doi: 10.1207/s15327914nc4801_14

Widowati, S., 2001. Pemanfaatan Hasil Samping Penggilingan Padi dalam menunjang Sistem Agroindustri di Pedesaan. Buletin AgroBio, 4(1):33-8.

Xia, X., Ling, W., Ma, J., Xia, M., Hou, M., Wang, Q., Zhu, H., & Tang, Z., 2006. An Anthocyanin-Rich Extract from Black Rice Enhances Atherosclerotic Plaque Stabilization in Apolipoprotein E–deficient Mice. The Journal of Nutrition, 136(8):2220-2225.

Xu, M., Wang, S., Song, Y.U., Yao, J., Huang, K., & Zhu, X., 2016. Apigenin Suppresses Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasion Via Inhibition of The Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Oncol Lett, 11(5):3075-3080.doi: 10.3892/ol.2016.4331

Xu, W., Du, M., Zhao, Y., Wang, Q., Sun, W., & Chen, B., 2012. γ-Tocotrienol Inhibits Cell Viability Through Suppression of β-Catenin/Tcf Signaling in Human Colon Carcinoma HT-29 Cells. J Nutr Biochem, 23(7):800-807. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.04.003

Yadav, R.K, Chae, Soo-Wan., Kim, Hyung-Ryong., & Chae, H.J., 2014 Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Cancer. J Cancer Prev, 19(2):75–88. doi: 10.15430/JCP.2014.19.2.75

Younas, A., Bhatti, M.S., Ahmed, A., & Randhawa, M.A., 2011. Effect of Rice Bran Supplementation on Cookie Baking. Pak. J. Agri. Sci, 48(2):129-134.

Zhang, J.S., Li, Da-Ming., Yue, M., Ning H, Gu Q , Wang, Feng-Shan, Jiang, Shu-Qing, Chen, Bing-Qing, Liu, Jia-Ren. 2013. γ-Tocotrienol Induces Paraptosis-Like Cell Death in Human Colon Carcinoma SW620 Cells. PLoS One.E57779. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057779

Zheng, Q., Hirose, Y., Yoshimi, N., Murakami, A., Koshimizu, K., Ohigashi, H., Sakata, K., Matsumoto, Y., Sayama, Y., & Mori, H., 2002. Further Investigation of The Modifying Effect of Various Chemopreventive Agents on Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation in Human Colon Cancer Cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 128(10):539-546. doi:10.1007/s00432-002-0373-y

Zulfafamy, K.E., Ardiansyah, & Budijanto, S., 2018. Antioxidative Properties and Cytotoxic Activity Against Colon Cancer Cell WiDr of Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus oligosporus-Fermented Black Rice Bran Extract. Curr. Res. Nutr Food Sci Jour, 6 (1) : 23-34. doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.6.1.03

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.