The Assessment of Water Compatibility of Adaptable Stick-Net Cage for Resilience Milkfish Cultivation in Tanjung Mas, Indonesia
Abstract
Milkfish cultivation becomes the main livelihood of farmers in coastal areas. However, the land for milkfish cultivation is shrinking due to land use for settlements, industries, and sea-level rise. A Stick-net cage is an aquaculture solution in limited space for an inland fishpond. It can be placed in seashore areas while maintaining the quality of the aquatic environment and nutrient circulation. This study aims to analyze water compatibility in the stick-net cage areas for supporting sustainable aquaculture activities. An exploratory observational study was conducted in Tanjung Mas Village, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. Ten sampling areas were determined purposively by considering the point locations toward household wastewater and industrial outfalls. Based on these criteria, the ten stations used as sample areas were divided into industrial outfall areas (1st – 5th station) and areas close to the open sea (6th – 10th station). Physical parameters in the sampling areas, including temperature, water-current, turbidity, and clearness, met seawater standards for milkfish cultivation. Chemical indicators, such as NH4 and P in water, were very high, which may be caused by domestic and industrial waste contamination and increased organic fermentation activity on the seabed. However, the existing stick-net cages have exceeded the capacity of the coastal water areas. In general, the physicochemical parameters in the Tanjung Mas water area are suitable for milkfish cultivation. However, it is necessary to reduce the amount of pond density to give growth space for milkfish. In addition, wastewater management and treatment plants should be built up to reduce water contamination.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Ahmed, N., Thompson, S., & Glaser, M. (2019). Global Aquaculture Productivity, Environmental Sustainability, and Climate Change Adaptability. Environmental Management, 63(2), 159–172.
Andreas, H., Abidin, H. Z., Sarsito, D. A., & Pradipta, D. (2018). Adaptation of Early Climate Change Disaster' to the Northern Coast of Java Island Indonesia. Engineering Journal, 22(3), 207–219.
Astuti, L. P., & Warsa, A. (2020, July). Survival rate and growth rate of milkfish (Chanos chanos, Forsskal 1775) seeds in the acclimatization process at Ir. H. Djuanda Reservoir. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 535, No. 1, p. 012046). IOP Publishing.
Audzijonyte, A., Barneche, D. R., Baudron, A. R., Belmaker, J., Clark, T. D., Marshall, C. T., Morrongiello, J. R., & van Rijn, I. (2019). Is Oxygen Limitation in Warming Waters a Valid Mechanism to Explain Decreased Body Sizes in Aquatic Ectotherms? Global Ecology and Biogeography, 28(2), 64–77.
Badawy, W. M., El-Taher, A., Frontasyeva, M. V., Madkour, H. A., & Khater, A. E. M. (2018). Assessment of Anthropogenic and Geogenic Impacts on Marine Sediments along The Coastal Areas of Egyptian Red Sea. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 140(7), 314–326.
Bessa, A. Z. E., Ngueutchoua, G., Kwewouo Janpou, A., El-Amier, Y. A., Njike Njome Mbella Nguetnga, O. A., Kankeu Kayou, U. R., Bisse, S. B., Ngo Mapuna, E. C., & Armstrong-Altrin, J. S. (2021). Heavy Metal Contamination and Its Ecological Risks in The Beach Sediments along The Atlantic Ocean (Limbe Coastal Fringes, Cameroon). Earth Systems and Environment, 5(2), 433–444.
Bonachea, L. A. (2021). A Low-Cost Laboratory Demonstration of The Effects of Temperature on The Metabolism of An Aquatic Poikilotherm. Journal of Biological Education, 55(1), 60-65.
Bosma, R. H., Hakim, L. L., & Groeneveld, R. A. (2017). Investing in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation on Mangrove and Aquaculture Doubles Benefits. in Prociding The 3rd International Conference on Tropical and Coastal Region Eco-Development (ICTCRED 2017). Yogyakart, 2-4 October 2017.
Boyd, C. E., D'Abramo, L. R., Glencross, B. D., Huyben, D. C., Juarez, L. M., Lockwood, G. S., McNevin, A. A., Tacon, A. G. J., Teletchea, F., Tomasso, J. R., Tucker, C. S., & Valenti, W. C. (2020). Achieving Sustainable Aquaculture: Historical and Current Perspectives and Future Needs and Challenges. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 51(3), 578–633.
BPS, B. P. S. (2021). Produksi dan Nilai Produksi Perikanan Budidaya Menurut Kabupaten/Kota dan Komoditas Utama di Provinsi Jawa Tengah, 2019. Online at https://jateng.bps.go.id/statictable/2021/04/12/2366/produksi-dan-nilai-produksi-perikanan-budidaya-menurut-kabupaten-kota-dan-komoditas-utama-di-provinsi-jawa-tengah-2019.html. [Accesed in September 26th, 2021].
Bristow, L. A., Mohr, W., Ahmerkamp, S., & Kuypers, M. M. M. (2017). Nutrients that Limit Growth in The Ocean. Current Biology, 27(11), r474–r478.
Cha, B. J., & Lee, G. H. (2018). Performance of a Model Fish Cage with Copper-Alloy Net in a Circulating Water Channel and Wave Tank. Ocean Engineering, 151, 290–297.
Chang, B. V., Chang, Y. T., Chao, W. L., Yeh, S. L., Kuo, D. L., & Yang, C. W. (2019). Effects of Sulfamethoxazole and Sulfamethoxazole-Degrading Bacteria on Water Quality and Microbial Communities in Milkfish Ponds. Environmental Pollution, 252, 305–316.
Chu, Z., Yang, Z., Wang, Y., Sun, L., Yang, W., Yang, L., & Gao, Y. (2019). Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination from Penguins and Anthropogenic Activities on Fildes Peninsula and Ardley Island, Antarctic. Science of the Total Environment, 646, 951–957.
Cornejo, P., Guerrero, N. M., Montes, R. M., Quiñones, R. A., & Sepúlveda, H. H. (2020). Hydrodynamic Effect of Biofouling in Fish Cage Aquaculture Netting. Aquaculture, 526, 735367.
Das, S. K., Noor, N. M., Kai, K. S., Juan, Q. Z., Iskandar, N. S. M, & De, M. (2018). Effects of Temperature on the Growth, Gastric Emptying Time, and Oxygen Consumption Rate of Mahseer (Tor tambroides) under Laboratory Conditions. Aquaculture Reports, 12(8), 20–24.
Failaman, A. N., Traifalgar, R. F. M., & Corre, V. L. (2021). Survival of Nursery-Reared Juvenile Milkfish, Chanos chanos, at Different Transport Density and Temperature. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 34(1), 1–15.
Ganesh, G., Devi, B. C., Reddy, D., Rao, A. S., Mohan, R. R., Pamanna, D., Kumar, P. R., & Mahesh, L. N. (2020). Evaluation of Water Quality Parameters in Grow Out Phase of Brackish Water Fish Chanos Chanos (Milk Fish) in Floating Net Cages. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 8(5), 460–464.
Gusmawati, N., Soulard, B., Selmaoui-Folcher, N., Proisy, C., Mustafa, A., Le Gendre, R., Laugier, T., & Lemonnier, H. (2018). Surveying Shrimp Aquaculture Pond Activity using Multitemporal VHSR Satellite Images - Case Study from the Perancak estuary, Bali, Indonesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 131(6), 49–60.
Hamzah, F., Agustiadi, T., Susanto, R. D., Wei, Z., Guo, L., Cao, Z., & Dai, M. (2020). Dynamics of the Carbonate System in the Western Indonesian Seas During the Southeast Monsoon. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 125(1), 1-45
Hanke, I., Ampe, B., Kunzmann, A., Gärdes, A., & Aerts, J. (2019). Thermal Stress Response of Juvenile Milkfish (Chanos chanos) Quantified by Ontogenetic and Regenerated Scale Cortisol. Aquaculture, 500(9), 24–30.
Hardikar, R., Haridevi, C. K., Ram, A., Khandeparker, R., Amberkar, U., & Chauhan, M. (2019). Inter-annual Variability of Phytoplankton Assemblage and Tetraspora gelatinosa Bloom from Anthropogenically Affected Harbour, Veraval, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(2), 87-104.
Henriksson, P. J. G., Banks, L. K., Suri, S. K., Pratiwi, T. Y., Fatan, N. A., & Troell, M. (2019). Indonesian Aquaculture Futures-Identifying Interventions for Reducing Environmental Impacts. Environmental Research Letters, 14(12), 124062.
Horak, R. E. A., Qin, W., Bertagnolli, A. D., Nelson, A., Heal, K. R., Han, H., Heller, M., Schauer, A. J., Jeffrey, W. H., Armbrust, E. V., Moffett, J. W., Ingalls, A. E., Stahl, D. A., & Devol, A. H. (2018). Relative Impacts of Light, Temperature, and Reactive Oxygen on Thaumarchaeal Ammonia Oxidation in the North Pacific Ocean. Limnology and Oceanography, 63(2), 741–757.
Hu, S., Zhang, Y., Feng, M., Du, Y., Sprintall, J., Wang, F., Hu, D., Xie, Q., & Chai, F. (2019). Interannual to Decadal Variability of Upper-Ocean Salinity in The Southern Indian Ocean and The Role of The Indonesian Throughflow. Journal of Climate, 32(19), 6403–6421.
Hukom, V., Nielsen, R., Asmild, M., & Nielsen, M. (2020). Do Aquaculture Farmers Have an Incentive to Maintain Good Water Quality? The Case of Small-Scale Shrimp Farming in Indonesia. Ecological Economics, 176(8), 106717.
Irsadi, A., Anggoro, S., Soeprobowati, T. R., Helmi, M., & Khair, A. S. E. (2019). Shoreline and Mangrove Analysis Along Semarang-Demak, Indonesia for Sustainable Environmental Management. Jurnal Pendidikan Ipa Indonesia, 8(1), 1–11.
Jickells, T. D., Buitenhuis, E., Altieri, K., Baker, A. R., Capone, D., Duce, R. A., Dentener, F., Fennel, K., Kanakidou, M., LaRoche, J., Lee, K., Liss, P., Middelburg, J. J., Moore, J. K., Okin, G., Oschlies, A., Sarin, M., Seitzinger, S., Sharples, J., Singh, A. Suntharalingam, P. Uematsu, M. Zamora, L. M. (2017). A Reevaluation of the Magnitude and Impacts of Anthropogenic Atmospheric Nitrogen Inputs on the Ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 31(2), 289–305.
Jorgensen, B. B., & Marshall, I. P. G. (2016). Slow Microbial Life in the Seabed. Annual Review of Marine Science, 8(7), 311–332.
Kumar, D. G., Karthik, M., & Rajakumar, R. (2017). Study of Seasonal Water Quality Assessment and Fish Pond Conservation in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 5(4), 1232–1238.
Li, G., Cheng, L., Zhu, J., Trenberth, K. E., Mann, M. E., & Abraham, J. P. (2020). Increasing Ocean Stratification Over the Past Half-Century. Nature Climate Change, 10(12), 1116–1123.
Lobine, D., Rengasamy, K. R. R., & Mahomoodally, M. F. (2021). Functional Foods and Bioactive Ingredients Harnessed from the Ocean: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 17(1), 1–30.
Mandal, B., Bera, A., Kailasam, M., Padiyar, A., Ambasankar, K., Alavandi, S. V., & Vijayan, K. K. (2018). A Guide to Milkfish (Chanos chanos) Aquaculture. Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture. Cennai, India. Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (ICAR).
Martuti, N. K. T., Pribadi, R., Dewi, N. K., Sidiq, W. A. B. N., & Nugraha, S. B. (2020). The Dynamics of Coastline and Mangrove Ecosystems in Coastal Area of Mangkang Kulon Subdistrict, Semarang. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 550, No. 1, p. 012011). IOP Publishing.
Nelson, J. A. (2016). Oxygen Consumption Rate v. Rate of Energy Utilization of Fishes: a Comparison and Brief History of the Two Measurements. Journal of Fish Biology, 88(1), 10–25.
Nie, H., Chen, P., Huo, Z., Chen, Y., Hou, X., Yang, F., & Yan, X. (2017). Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Oxygen Consumption and Ammonia Excretion in Different Colour Strains of The Manila Clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. Aquaculture Research, 48(6), 2778–2786.
Olatayo, A. A. (2014). Assessment of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Waters in Ilaje Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 1(5), 84–92.
Orsi, W. D. (2018). Ecology and Evolution of Seafloor and Subseafloor Microbial Communities. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16(11), 671–683.
Oshiki, M., Satoh, H., & Okabe, S. (2016). Ecology and Physiology of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidizing Bacteria. Environmental Microbiology, 18(9), 2784–2796.
Proisy, C., Viennois, G., Sidik, F., Andayani, A., Enright, J. A., Guitet, S., Gusmawati, N., Lemonnier, H., Muthusankar, G., Olagoke, A., Prosperi, J., Rahmania, R., Ricout, A., Soulard, B., & Suhardjono. (2018). Monitoring Mangrove Forests after Aquaculture Abandonment using Time Series of Very High Spatial Resolution Satellite Images: A Case Study from The Perancak Estuary, Bali, Indonesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 131, 61–71.
Purwaningsih, R., & Hermawan, F. A. (2021, February). Risk analysis of milkfish supply chains in Semarang using house of risk approach to increase the supply chain resilience. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 649, No. 1, p. 012018). IOP Publishing.
Ratnawati, H. I., Aldrian, E., & Soepardjo, A. H. (2018, October). Variability of evaporation-precipitation (EP) and sea surface salinity (SSS) over Indonesian maritime continent seas. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2023, No. 1, p. 020252). AIP Publishing LLC.
Sambu, A. H. (2017). Utilization of Displaced Land of Former Red Stone Excavation for Milkfish Farming by Stick Net Cage System (A Case Study at Gentungan, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia). Modern Applied Science, 11(7), 68-73.
Santoro, A. E., Buchwald, C., Knapp, A. N., Berelson, W. M., Capone, D. G., & Casciotti, K. L. (2021). Nitrification and Nitrous Oxide Production in the Offshore Waters of the Eastern Tropical South Pacific. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 35(2). e2020GB006716.
Spataru, P. (2021). Influence of Organic Ammonium Derivatives on the Equilibria Between of NH4 +, NO2- and NO3- Ions in River Waters. 1–24.
Spataru, P. (2017). Influences of Organic Ammonium Derivatives on the Change of Concentrations of Nh4+, No3 -, No3 - in River Water. in Proceeding International Symposium "The Environment and The Industry." Bucharest, 28-29 September 2017.
Sproson, A. D., Selby, D., Suzuki, K., Oda, T., & Kuroda, J. (2021). Anthropogenic Osmium in Macroalgae from Tokyo Bay Reveals Widespread Contamination from Municipal Solid Waste. Environmental Science Technology, 54(15), 9356–9365.
Srithongouthai, S., & Tada, K. (2017). Impacts of Organic Waste From a Yellowtail Cage Farm on Surface Sediment and Bottom Water in Shido Bay (the Seto Inland Sea, Japan). Aquaculture, 471(3), 140–145.
Surya, M. Y., He, Z., Xia, Y., & Li, L. (2019). Impacts of Sea Level Rise And River Discharge on The Hydrodynamics Characteristics of Jakarta Bay (Indonesia). Water, 11(7), 1384-1402.
Thiombane, M., Di Bonito, M., Albanese, S., Zuzolo, D., Lima, A., & De Vivo, B. (2019). Geogenic Versus Anthropogenic Behaviour and Geochemical Footprint of Al, Na, K and P in the Campania Region (Southern Italy) soils Through Compositional Data Analysis and Enrichment Factor. Geoderma, 335(2), 12–26.
van Rijn, I., Buba, Y., DeLong, J., Kiflawi, M., & Belmaker, J. (2017). Large But Uneven Reduction in Fish Size Across Species in Relation to Changing Sea Temperatures. Global Change Biology, 23(9), 3667–3674.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
