Anthropometry and Biomotor of Various position Young Football Athletes: does it affect performance?

Mohamad Annas(1), Soegiyanto Soegiyanto(2), Taufiq Hidayah(3), Mugiyo Hartono(4), Heny Setyawati(5), Heny Setyawati(6), Adi S(7),


(1) Universitas Negeri Semarang
(2) Universitas Negeri Semarang
(3) Universitas Negeri Semarang
(4) Universitas Negeri Semarang
(5) Universitas Negeri Semarang
(6) Universitas Negeri Semarang
(7) Universitas Negeri Semarang

Abstract

This study aims to determine the relationship between anthropometry and biomotor on the performance of young soccer athletes. The sample is football academy athletes from Central Java. The sample is 221 Football Academy Athletes. This research uses total sampling. The selected sample is the 12-year-old group. Researchers directly collected data on the subject. All samples have filled the willingness to be studied. In anthropometry, researchers collected data on height, weight, head circumference, arm circumference, abdominal circumference, thigh circumference, chest circumference, arm length, and leg length. Biomotor components were measured using flexibility, leg strength, agility, coordination, and a 12-minute and 20-meter run. Performance was measured by observation from the researcher. Researchers see the appearance of players in a match The data obtained is processed using descriptive statistics, which include: minimum, maximum, mean, and std. Deviation. Researchers processed the data using normality, homogeneity, and correlation tests—statistical tests using SPSS version 22. There is an anthropometric and bio-motor relationship to the performance of young soccer athletes. There are positively correlated in all positions (Forwards, Backs, Goalkeepers, Centers). The researcher suggested that other groups accomplish further research with a broader range of subjects. Efforts to advance the football sector are expected to continue to be pursued to promote sports development.

Keywords

Anthropometry; Biomotor; Performance; Athlete; Football

Full Text:

PDF

References

Ackerman, K. E., Stellingwerff, T., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Baltzell, A., Cain, M., Goucher, K., Fleshman, L., & Mountjoy, M. L. (2020). # REDS (Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport): time for a revolution in sports culture and systems to improve athlete health and performance. In British Journal of Sports Medicine (Vol. 54, Issue 7, pp. 369–370). BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine.

Ackland, T. R., Lohman, T. G., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Maughan, R. J., Meyer, N. L., Stewart, A. D., & Müller, W. (2012). Current status of body composition assessment in sport: review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the I.O.C. Medical Commission. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 42(3), 227–249. https://doi.org/10.2165/11597140-000000000-00000

AdibSaber, F., Ansari, S., Elmieh, A., & Rajabzadeh, H. (2023). Effect of an Energy Drink On Muscle and Liver Damage Enzymes, And Cardiovascular Indices in Soccer Players. Science and Medicine in Football, 7(1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2022.2051728

Andersson, H. Å., Randers, M. B., Heiner-Møller, A., Krustrup, P., & Mohr, M. (2010). Elite female soccer players perform more high-intensity running when playing in international games compared with domestic league games. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(4), 912–919.

Arnason, A., Sigurdsson, S. B., Gudmundsson, A., Holme, I., Engebretsen, L., & Bahr, R. (2004). Physical fitness, injuries, and team performance in soccer. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(2), 278–285. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000113478.92945.CA

Bache-Mathiesen, L. K., Andersen, T. E., Clarsen, B., & Fagerland, M. W. (2022). Handling and reporting missing data in training load and injury risk research. Science and Medicine in Football, 6(4), 452–464. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2021.1998587

Bahr, R., & Holme, I. (2003). Risk factors for sports injuries—a methodological approach. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(5), 384–392.

Benjamin, C. L., Hosokawa, Y., Curtis, R. M., Schaefer, D. A., Bergin, R. T., Abegg, M. R., & Casa, D. J. (2020). Environmental conditions, preseason fitness levels, and game workload: analysis of a female NCAA DI national championship soccer season. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 34(4), 988–994.

Bittencourt, N. F. N., Meeuwisse, W. H., Mendonça, L. D., Nettel-Aguirre, A., Ocarino, J. M., & Fonseca, S. T. (2016). Complex systems approach for sports injuries: moving from risk factor identification to injury pattern recognition—narrative review and new concept. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(21), 1309–1314.

Bradley, P. S., & Vescovi, J. D. (2015). Velocity thresholds for women’s soccer matches: Sex specificity dictates high-speed-running and sprinting thresholds—female athletes in motion (FAiM). International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(1), 112–116.

Brunkhorst, L., & Kielstein, H. (2013). Comparison of anthropometric characteristics between professional triathletes and cyclists. Biology of Sport / Institute of Sport, 30, 269–273. https://doi.org/10.5604/20831862.1077552

Burhanuddin, S., Ihsan, A., Jumareng, H., & Anugrah, B. A. (2021). Biomotor, Psychomotor, and Anthropometry As Determiners of Sport Talent Scouting At Secondary Schools: Analysis of Dominant Determinants of Sports Talent At Secondary Schools in Indonesia. PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 18(4), 3426–3444.

Canhadas, I., Silva, R., Chaves, C., & Portes, L. (2011). Características antropométricas e de aptidão física de meninos atletas de futebol. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano, 12. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2010v12n4p239

Carling, C., Le Gall, F., & Malina, R. M. (2012). Body size, skeletal maturity, and functional characteristics of elite academy soccer players on entry between 1992 and 2003. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(15), 1683–1693. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.637950

Carling, C., & Orhant, E. (2010). Variation in body composition in professional soccer players: interseasonal and intraseasonal changes and the effects of exposure time and player position. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(5), 1332–1339. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cc6154

Crossley, K. M., Patterson, B. E., Culvenor, A. G., Bruder, A. M., Mosler, A. B., & Mentiplay, B. F. (2020). Making football safer for women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of injury prevention programmes in 11 773 female football (soccer) players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(18), 1089–1098.

Datson, N., Drust, B., Weston, M., & Gregson, W. (2019). Repeated high-speed running in elite female soccer players during international competition. Science and Medicine in Football, 3(2), 150–156.

Datson, N., Drust, B., Weston, M., Jarman, I. H., Lisboa, P. J., & Gregson, W. (2017). Match physical performance of elite female soccer players during international competition. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(9), 2379–2387.

Datson, N., Hulton, A., Andersson, H., Lewis, T., Weston, M., Drust, B., & Gregson, W. (2014). Applied physiology of female soccer: an update. Sports Medicine, 44, 1225–1240.

Del Coso, J., Herrero, H., & Salinero, J. J. (2018). Injuries in Spanish female soccer players. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 7(2), 183–190.

Dellal, A., Lago-Peñas, C., Rey, E., Chamari, K., & Orhant, E. (2015). The effects of a congested fixture period on physical performance, technical activity and injury rate during matches in a professional soccer team. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(6), 390–394. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091290

Deprez, D., Buchheit, M., Fransen, J., Pion, J., Lenoir, M., Philippaerts, R. M., & Vaeyens, R. (2015). A longitudinal study investigating the stability of anthropometry and soccer-specific endurance in pubertal high-level youth soccer players. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 14(2), 418–426.

Duncan, M., Eyre, E. L. J., Noon, M., Morris, R., Thake, D., & Clarke, N. (2022). Fundamental movement skills and perceived competence, but not fitness, are the key factors associated with technical skill performance in boys who play grassroots soccer. Science and Medicine in Football, 6(2), 215–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2021.1910332

Ellens, S., Hodges, D., McCullagh, S., Malone, J. J., & Varley, M. C. (2022). Interchangeability of player movement variables from different athlete tracking systems in professional soccer. Science and Medicine in Football, 6(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2021.1879393

Emery, C. A., Meeuwisse, W. H., & Hartmann, S. E. (2005). Evaluation of risk factors for injury in adolescent soccer: implementation and validation of an injury surveillance system. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(12), 1882–1891.

Faude, O., Junge, A., Kindermann, W., & Dvorak, J. (2006). Risk factors for injuries in elite female soccer players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(9), 785–790.

Fields, J. B., Merrigan, J. J., White, J. B., & Jones, M. T. (2018). Body composition variables by sport and sport-position in elite collegiate athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(11), 3153–3159.

Fulton, J., Wright, K., Kelly, M., Zebrosky, B., Zanis, M., Drvol, C., & Butler, R. (2014). Injury risk is altered by previous injury: a systematic review of the literature and presentation of causative neuromuscular factors. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 9(5), 583.

Gabbett, T. J., Wiig, H., & Spencer, M. (2013). Repeated high-intensity running and sprinting in elite women’s soccer competition. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 8(2), 130–138.

Gil, S., Ruiz, F., Irazusta, A., Gil, J., & Irazusta, J. (2007). Selection of young soccer players in terms of anthropometric and physiological factors. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 47(1), 25–32.

Giza, E., Mithöfer, K., Farrell, L., Zarins, B., & Gill, T. (2005). Injuries in women’s professional soccer. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(4), 212–216.

Hägglund, M., & Waldén, M. (2016). Risk factors for acute knee injury in female youth football. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 24(3), 737–746.

Hanani, E. (2017). The Study on Value of Recreational Sports Activity of Urban Communities. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 12(2), 286-291. doi:https://doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v12i2.5813

Haxhiu, B., Murtezani, A., Zahiti, B., Shalaj, I., & Sllamniku, S. (2015). Risk factors for injuries in professional football players. Folia Medica, 57(2), 138.

Hewett, T. E., Myer, G. D., Ford, K. R., Heidt Jr, R. S., Colosimo, A. J., McLean, S. G., Van den Bogert, A. J., Paterno, M. V, & Succop, P. (2005). Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(4), 492–501.

Hewett, T. E., Zazulak, B. T., & Myer, G. D. (2007). Effects of the menstrual cycle on anterior cruciate ligament injury risk: a systematic review. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(4), 659–668.

Hewitt, A., Norton, K., & Lyons, K. (2014). Movement profiles of elite women soccer players during international matches and the effect of opposition’s team ranking. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(20), 1874–1880.

Ingebrigtsen, J., Dillern, T., & Shalfawi, S. A. I. (2011). Aerobic capacities and anthropometric characteristics of elite female soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(12), 3352–3357.

Jacobson, I., & Tegner, Y. (2007). Injuries among Swedish female elite football players: a prospective population study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 17(1), 84–91.

Jagim, A. R., Murphy, J., Schaefer, A. Q., Askow, A. T., Luedke, J. A., Erickson, J. L., & Jones, M. T. (2020). Match demands of women’s collegiate soccer. Sports, 8(6), 87.

kholil, weda, reo prasetiyo herpandika. (2019). Studi Biomotorik Cabang Olahraga Sepakbola Pada SSB Semen Gresik Tuban Usia 17 Tahun. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 53(9), 1689–1699.

Lago-Peñas, C., Casais, L., Dellal, A., Rey, E., & Domínguez, E. (2011). Anthropometric and physiological characteristics of young soccer players according to their playing positions: relevance for competition success. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(12), 3358–3367. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318216305d

Larruskain, J., Lekue, J. A., Martin-Garetxana, I., Barrio, I., McCall, A., & Gil, S. M. (2022). Injuries are negatively associated with player progression in an elite football academy. Science and Medicine in Football, 6(4), 405–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2021.1943756

Le Gall, F., Carling, C., & Reilly, T. (2008). Injuries in young elite female soccer players: an 8-season prospective study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(2), 276–284.

le Gall, F., Carling, C., Williams, M., & Reilly, T. (2010). Anthropometric and fitness characteristics of international, professional and amateur male graduate soccer players from an elite youth academy. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(1), 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2008.07.004

Leão, C., Simões, M., Silva, B., Clemente, F. M., Bezerra, P., & Camões, M. (2017). Body Composition Evaluation Issue among Young Elite Football Players: DXA Assessment. Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 5(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5010017

Lilley, K., Gass, E., & Locke, S. (2002). A retrospective injury analysis of state representative female soccer players. Physical Therapy in Sport, 3(1), 2–9.

Mara, J. K., Thompson, K. G., Pumpa, K. L., & Morgan, S. (2017). Quantifying the high-speed running and sprinting profiles of elite female soccer players during competitive matches using an optical player tracking system. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(6), 1500–1508.

Martínez-Hernández, D., Quinn, M., & Jones, P. (2023). Linear advancing actions followed by deceleration and turn are the most common movements preceding goals in male professional soccer. Science and Medicine in Football, 7(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2022.2030064

Martínez-Lagunas, V., Niessen, M., & Hartmann, U. (2014). Women’s football: Player characteristics and demands of the game. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 3(4), 258–272.

McGuire, A., Warrington, G., & Doyle, L. (2023). Energy availability and macronutrient intake in elite male Gaelic football players. Science and Medicine in Football, 7(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2022.2029551

Merayo, A., Gallego, J. M., sans, O., Capdevila, L., Iranzo, A., Sugimoto, D., & Rodas, G. (2022). Quantity and quality of sleep in young players of a professional football club. Science and Medicine in Football, 6(4), 539–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2021.1962541

Meyer, N. L., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Lohman, T. G., Ackland, T. R., Stewart, A. D., Maughan, R. J., Smith, S., & Müller, W. (2013). Body composition for health and performance: a survey of body composition assessment practice carried out by the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition, Health and Performance under the auspices of the IOC Medical Commission. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(16), 1044–1053. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092561

Milanese, C., Cavedon, V., Corradini, G., De Vita, F., & Zancanaro, C. (2015). Seasonal DXA-measured body composition changes in professional male soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(12), 1219–1228. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1022573

Mills, A., Butt, J., Maynard, I., & Harwood, C. (2012). Identifying factors perceived to influence the development of elite youth football academy players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.710753

Mohr, M., Krustrup, P., Andersson, H., Kirkendal, D., & Bangsbo, J. (2008). Match activities of elite women soccer players at different performance levels. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(2), 341–349.

Morgan, O. J., Drust, B., Ade, J. D., & Robinson, M. A. (2022). Change of direction frequency off the ball: new perspectives in elite youth soccer. Science and Medicine in Football, 6(4), 473–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2021.1986635

Mulyawan, R. (2019). Profil Antropometri Atlet Sepakbola Profesional Pada Masa Transisi. Medikora, 18(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.21831/medikora.v18i1.29192

Nakamura, F. Y., Pereira, L. A., Loturco, I., Rosseti, M., Moura, F. A., & Bradley, P. S. (2017). Repeated-sprint sequences during female soccer matches using fixed and individual speed thresholds. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(7), 1802–1810.

Nikolaidis, P T, Ruano, M. A. G., de Oliveira, N. C., Portes, L. A., Freiwald, J., Leprêtre, P. M., & Knechtle, B. (2016). Who runs the fastest? Anthropometric and physiological correlates of 20 m sprint performance in male soccer players. Research in Sports Medicine (Print), 24(4), 341–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2016.1222281

Nikolaidis, Pantelis Theodoros, & Vassilios Karydis, N. (2011). Physique and body composition in soccer players across adolescence. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 2(2), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.34782

Nilstad, A., Andersen, T. E., Bahr, R., Holme, I., & Steffen, K. (2014). Risk factors for lower extremity injuries in elite female soccer players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(4), 940–948.

Niyonsenga, J. D., & Phillips, J. S. (2013). Factors associated with injuries among first-division Rwandan female soccer players. African Health Sciences, 13(4), 1021–1026.

O’Kane, J. W., Neradilek, M., Polissar, N., Sabado, L., Tencer, A., & Schiff, M. A. (2017). Risk factors for lower extremity overuse injuries in female youth soccer players. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 5(10), 2325967117733963–2325967117733963.

Östenberg, A., & Roos, H. (2000). Injury risk factors in female European football. A prospective study of 123 players during one season. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 10(5), 279–285.

Park, L. A. F., Scott, D., & Lovell, R. (2019). Velocity zone classification in elite women’s football: where do we draw the lines? Science and Medicine in Football, 3(1), 21–28.

Peña-González, I., Javaloyes, A., Cervelló, E., & Moya-Ramón, M. (2022). The maturity status but not the relative age influences elite young football players’ physical performance. Science and Medicine in Football, 6(3), 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2022.2053338

Peñas, C., Rey, E., Casais, L., & Gómez López, M. (2014). Relationship Between Performance Characteristics and the Selection Process in Youth Soccer Players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 40, 189–199. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0021

Ramos, G. P., Nakamura, F. Y., Penna, E. M., Wilke, C. F., Pereira, L. A., Loturco, I., Capelli, L., Mahseredjian, F., Silami-Garcia, E., & Coimbra, C. C. (2019). Activity profiles in U17, U20, and senior women’s Brazilian national soccer teams during international competitions: are there meaningful differences? The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(12), 3414–3422.

Rollo, I., Carter, J. M., Close, G. L., Yangüas, J., Gomez-Diaz, A., Medina Leal, D., Duda, J. L., Holohan, D., Erith, S. J., & Podlog, L. (2021). Role of sports psychology and sports nutrition in return to play from musculoskeletal injuries in professional soccer: an interdisciplinary approach. European Journal of Sport Science, 21(7), 1054–1063.

Rusiawati, R. T. H. D., & Wijana, I. K. (2022). Analisis Hasil Pengukuran Antropometri pada Atlet Cabang Olahraga Sepak Bola. Jurnal Ilmu Keolahragaan Undiksha, 9(3 SE-Articles), 198–203. https://doi.org/10.23887/jiku.v9i3.40841

Sausaman, R. W., Sams, M. L., Mizuguchi, S., DeWeese, B. H., & Stone, M. H. (2019). The physical demands of NCAA division I women’s college soccer. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 4(4), 73.

Scott, D., & Lovell, R. (2018). Individualisation of speed thresholds does not enhance the dose-response determination in football training. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(13), 1523–1532.

Sedano, S., Vaeyens, R., Philippaerts, R. M., Redondo, J. C., & Cuadrado, G. (2009). Anthropometric and anaerobic fitness profile of elite and non-elite female soccer players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, The, 49(4), 387.

Söderman, K., Adolphson, J., Lorentzon, R., & Alfredson, H. (2001). Injuries in adolescent female players in European football: a prospective study over one outdoor soccer season. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 11(5), 299–304.

Söderman, K., Alfredson, H., Pietilä, T., & Werner, S. (2001). Risk factors for leg injuries in female soccer players: a prospective investigation during one out-door season. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 9(5).

Steffen, K., Myklebust, G., Andersen, T. E., Holme, I., & Bahr, R. (2008). Self-reported injury history and lower limb function as risk factors for injuries in female youth soccer. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(4), 700–708.

Sugimoto, D., Howell, D. R., Tocci, N. X., & Meehan III, W. P. (2018). Risk factors associated with self-reported injury history in female youth soccer players. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 46(3), 312–318.

Sutton, L., Scott, M., Wallace, J., & Reilly, T. (2009). Body composition of English Premier League soccer players: Influence of playing position, international status, and ethnicity. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 1019–1026. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903030305

Towlson, C., Cobley, S., Midgley, A. W., Garrett, A., Parkin, G., & Lovell, R. (2017). Relative Age, Maturation and Physical Biases on Position Allocation in Elite-Youth Soccer. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(3), 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-119029

Trewin, J., Meylan, C., Varley, M. C., Cronin, J., & Ling, D. (2018). Effect of match factors on the running performance of elite female soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(7), 2002–2009.

van der Horst, N., & Denderen, R. van. (2022). Isokinetic hamstring and quadriceps strength interpretation guideline for football (soccer) players with ACL reconstruction: a Delphi consensus study in the Netherlands. Science and Medicine in Football, 6(4), 434–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2021.2024592

Varley, M. C., Gregson, W., McMillan, K., Bonanno, D., Stafford, K., Modonutti, M., & Di Salvo, V. (2017). Physical and technical performance of elite youth soccer players during international tournaments: influence of playing position and team success and opponent quality. Science and Medicine in Football, 1(1), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1230676

Vella, S., Bolling, C., Verhagen, E., & Moore, I. S. (2022). Perceiving, reporting and managing an injury – perspectives from national team football players, coaches, and health professionals. Science and Medicine in Football, 6(4), 421–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2021.1985164

Vescovi, J D, Brown, T. D., & Murray, T. M. (2006). Positional characteristics of physical performance in Division I college female soccer players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 46(2), 221.

Vescovi, Jason D, & Falenchuk, O. (2019). Contextual factors on physical demands in professional women’s soccer: female athletes in motion study. European Journal of Sport Science, 19(2), 141–146.

Vescovi, Jason D, & Favero, T. G. (2014). Motion characteristics of women’s college soccer matches: Female Athletes in Motion (FAiM) study. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(3), 405–414.

Yu, B., McClure, S. B., Onate, J. A., Guskiewicz, K. M., Kirkendall, D. T., & Garrett, W. E. (2005). Age and gender effects on lower extremity kinematics of youth soccer players in a stop-jump task. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(9), 1356–1364.

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.