Stunting on Children Aged 6 – 23 Months in East Nusa Tenggara Province

Weny Wulandary(1), Trini Sudiarti(2),

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v19i4.48703


(1) Universitas Indonesia
(2) Universitas Indonesia

Abstract

Stunting is the impaired growth and development that children experience from chronic malnutrition, repeated infection, poor maternal health, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation. The focus of this study is determinants of stunting of 6 – 23 months children in East Nusa Tenggara Province using data from the Study of Indonesian Nutritional Status in 2021. This research is a quantitative study that uses a cross-sectional design. The results showed that the proportion of stunting in 6-23 months in NTT province was 32.8%. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that variables significantly associated with stunting included child age (OR: 1.723 CI 95% 1.215-2.445), gender (OR: 1.777 CI 95% 1.305-2.419), LBW (OR: 2.106 CI 95% 1.206-3.423), SBL (OR: 1.768 CI 95% 1.133-2.759), history of infectious disease (OR: 1.548 CI 95% 1.141-2.099), maternal education (OR: 1.555 CI 95% 1.136-2.127), and toilet sanitation (OR: 1.881 CI 95% 1.384-2.555). The results of multivariate analysis showed that the most dominant factor of stunting was a history of infectious diseases (p-value 0.003; OR: 2.244). Children who have a history of infectious diseases are at risk of stunting by 2.2 times higher than children who do not have a history of infectious diseases after being controlled by child age, gender, LBW, SBL, and toilet sanitation.

Keywords

children, infectious diseases, stunting, Study of Indonesian Nutrition Status

Full Text:

PDF

References

Aiken, C. E., & Ozanne, S. E. (2013). Sex differences in developmental programming models. Reproduction (Cambridge, England), 145(1). https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-11-0489

Akseer, N., Tasic, H., Nnachebe Onah, M., Wigle, J., Rajakumar, R., Sanchez-Hernandez, D., Akuoku, J., Black, R. E., Horta, B. L., Nwuneli, N., Shine, R., Wazny, K., Japra, N., Shekar, M., & Hoddinott, J. (2022). Economic costs of childhood stunting to the private sector in low- and middle-income countries. EClinicalMedicine, The Lancet, 45, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101320

Aryastami, N. K., Shankar, A., Kusumawardani, N., Besral, B., Jahari, A. B., & Achadi, E. (2017). Low birth weight was the most dominant predictor associated with stunting among children aged 12-23 months in Indonesia. BMC Nutrition, 3(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40795-017-0130-X/TABLES/3

Beal, T., Tumilowicz, A., Sutrisna, A., Izwardy, D., & Neufeld, L. M. (2018). A review of child stunting determinants in Indonesia. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 14(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/MCN.12617

BPS Nusa Tenggara Timur. (2022). Statistik Kesehatan Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Tahun 2021. https://ntt.bps.go.id/publication/2022/03/02/1705058bd47665dbfa9815e6/statistik-kesehatan-provinsi-nusa-tenggara-timur-2021.html

Budge, S., Parker, A. H., Hutchings, P. T., & Garbutt, C. (2019). Environmental enteric dysfunction and child stunting. Nutrition Reviews, 77(4), 240–253. https://doi.org/10.1093/NUTRIT/NUY068

Caballero, B., Finglas, P., & Trugo, L. (2003). Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (2nd ed., Vol. 10). Academic Press.

Crane, R. J., Jones, K. D. J., & Berkley, J. A. (2015). Environmental enteric dysfunction: an overview. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 36(1 Suppl), S76–S87. https://doi.org/10.1177/15648265150361S113

Dewey, K. G., & Mayers, D. R. (2011). Early child growth: how do nutrition and infection interact? Maternal & Child Nutrition, 7 Suppl 3(Suppl 3), 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1740-8709.2011.00357.X

Eriksson, J. G., Kajantie, E., Osmond, C., Thornburg, K., & Barker, D. J. P. (2010). Boys live dangerously in the womb. American Journal of Human Biology : The Official Journal of the Human Biology Council, 22(3), 330–335. https://doi.org/10.1002/AJHB.20995

Gabain, I. L., Ramsteijn, A. S., & Webster, J. P. (2023). Parasites and childhood stunting – a mechanistic interplay with nutrition, anaemia, gut health, microbiota, and epigenetics. Trends in Parasitology, 39(3), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2022.12.004

Gonete, A. T., Kassahun, B., Mekonnen, E. G., & Takele, W. W. (2021). Stunting at birth and associated factors among newborns delivered at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital. PLOS ONE, 16(1), e0245528. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0245528

Guihard-Costa, A. M., Papiernik, E., Grangé, G., & Richard, A. (2002). Gender differences in neonatal subcutaneous fat store in late gestation in relation to maternal weight gain. Annals of Human Biology, 29(1), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460110054975

Hastuti, Hadju, V., Citrakesumasari, & Maddeppungeng, M. (2020). Stunting prevalence and its relationship to birth length of 18-23 months old infants in Indonesia. Enfermería Clínica, Elsevier, 30(4), 205–209. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1130862120301807?via%3Dihub#aep-article-footnote-id1

Hodge, C., & Taylor, C. (2023). Vitamin A Deficiency. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 77(2), 76–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.1994.tb02378.x

Islam, M. M., Sanin, K. I., Mahfuz, M., Ahmed, A. M. S., Mondal, D., Haque, R., & Ahmed, T. (2018). Risk factors of stunting among children living in an urban slum of Bangladesh: Findings of a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-018-5101-X/TABLES/5

Jones, A. D., Rukobo, S., Chasekwa, B., Mutasa, K., Ntozini, R., Mbuya, M. N. N., Stoltzfus, R. J., Humphrey, J. H., & Prendergast, A. J. (2015). Acute illness is associated with suppression of the growth hormone axis in Zimbabwean infants. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 92(2), 463–470. https://doi.org/10.4269/AJTMH.14-0448/-/DC12/SD12.PDF

Julianti, E., & Elni. (2020). Determinants of Stunting in Children Aged 12-59 Months. Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 10(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.14710/NMJN.V10I1.25770

Kemenkes RI. (2018). Hasil Utama Riskesdas 2018. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://kesmas.kemkes.go.id/assets/upload/dir_519d41d8cd98f00/files/Hasil-riskesdas-2018_1274.pdf

Kemenkes RI. (2021). Buku Saku Hasil Studi Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI) Tahun 2021 | Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. https://www.litbang.kemkes.go.id/buku-saku-hasil-studi-status-gizi-indonesia-ssgi-tahun-2021/

Korpe, P. S., & Petri, W. A. (2012). Environmental Enteropathy: Critical implications of a poorly understood condition. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 18(6), 328. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MOLMED.2012.04.007

Kotloff, K. L., Nataro, J. P., Blackwelder, W. C., Nasrin, D., Farag, T. H., Panchalingam, S., Wu, Y., Sow, S. O., Sur, D., Breiman, R. F., Faruque, A. S. G., Zaidi, A. K. M., Saha, D., Alonso, P. L., Tamboura, B., Sanogo, D., Onwuchekwa, U., Manna, B., Ramamurthy, T., … Levine, M. M. (2013). Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet (London, England), 382(9888), 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2

Kusharisupeni. (2006). Peran status kelahiran terhadap stunting pada bayi : sebuah studi prospektif. Jurnal Kedokteran Trisakti, 23(3). https://adoc.pub/peran-status-kelahiran-terhadap-stunting-pada-bayi-sebuah-st.html

Laksono, A. D., Wulandari, R. D., Amaliah, N., & Wisnuwardani, R. W. (2022). Stunting among children under two years in Indonesia: Does maternal education matter? PloS One, 17(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0271509

Millward, D. J. (2017). Nutrition, infection and stunting: the roles of deficiencies of individual nutrients and foods, and of inflammation, as determinants of reduced linear growth of children. Nutrition Research Reviews, 30(1), 50–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422416000238

Mutasa, K., Tome, J., Rukobo, S., Govha, M., Mushayanembwa, P., Matimba, F. S., Chiorera, C. K., Majo, F. D., Tavengwa, N. V., Mutasa, B., Chasekwa, B., Humphrey, J. H., Ntozini, R., Prendergast, A. J., & Bourke, C. D. (2022). Stunting Status and Exposure to Infection and Inflammation in Early Life Shape Antibacterial Immune Cell Function Among Zimbabwean Children. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 1. https://doi.org/10.3389/FIMMU.2022.899296/FULL

Nshimyiryo, A., Hedt-gauthier, B., Mutaganzwa, C., Kirk, C. M., Beck, K., Ndayisaba, A., Mubiligi, J., Kateera, F., & El-khatib, Z. (2019). Risk factors for stunting among children under five years : a cross-sectional population-based study in Rwanda using the 2015 Demographic and Health Survey. BMC Public Health, 19(175), 1–10. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-6504-z

Ntenda, P. A. M. (2019). Association of low birth weight with undernutrition in preschool-aged children in Malawi. Nutrition Journal, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-019-0477-8

Sandman, C. A., Glynn, L. M., & Davis, E. P. (2013). Is there a viability-vulnerability tradeoff? Sex differences in fetal programming. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 75(4), 327–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPSYCHORES.2013.07.009

Santosa, A., Arif, E. N., & Ghoni, D. A. (2022). Effect of maternal and child factors on stunting: partial least squares structural equation modeling. Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics, 65(2), 90–97. https://doi.org/10.3345/CEP.2021.00094

Sederquist, B., Fernandez-Vojvodich, P., Zaman, F., & Sävendahl, L. (2014). Recent research on the growth plate: Impact of inflammatory cytokines on longitudinal bone growth. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 53(1). https://doi.org/10.1530/JME-14-0006

Simanjuntak, B. Y., Haya, M., Suryani, D., & Ahmad, C. A. (2018). Early Inititation of Breastfeeding and Vitamin a Supplementation with Nutritional Status of Children Aged 6-59 Months. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional, 12(3), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.21109/KESMAS.V12I3.1747

Sinharoy, S. S., Clasen, T., & Martorell, R. (2020). Air pollution and stunting: a missing link? The Lancet. Global Health, 8(4), e472. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30063-2

Soliman, A., De Sanctis, V., Alaaraj, N., Ahmed, S., Alyafei, F., Hamed, N., & Soliman, N. (2021). Early and Long-term Consequences of Nutritional Stunting: From Childhood to Adulthood. Acta Bio Medica : Atenei Parmensis, 92(1), 2021168. https://doi.org/10.23750/ABM.V92I1.11346

Ssentongo, P., Ba, D. M., Ssentongo, A. E., Fronterre, C., Whalen, A., Yang, Y., Ericson, J. E., & Chinchilli, V. M. (2020). Association of vitamin A deficiency with early childhood stunting in Uganda: A population-based cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0233615

Syahril, E., Mappaware, N. A., Akib, M., & Mursyid, M. (2020). Analysis of Obstetric Medical Determinant Factors toward Mothers with the Stunting Children. Green Medical Journal, 2(3), 88–100.

Tessema, M., Belachew, T., & Ersino, G. (2013). Feeding patterns and stunting during early childhood in rural communities of Sidama, South Ethiopia. The Pan African Medical Journal, 14. https://doi.org/10.11604/PAMJ.2013.14.75.1630

Thurstans, S., Opondo, C., Seal, A., Wells, J., Khara, T., Dolan, C., Briend, A., Myatt, M., Garenne, M., Sear, R., & Kerac, M. (2020). Boys are more likely to be undernourished than girls: a systematic review and meta-analysis of sex differences in undernutrition. BMJ Global Health, 5(12), 4030. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJGH-2020-004030

Titaley, C. R., Ariawan, I., Hapsari, D., Muasyaroh, A., & Dibley, M. J. (2019). Determinants of the Stunting of Children Under Two Years Old in Indonesia: A Multilevel Analysis of the 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Survey. Nutrients, 11(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/NU11051106

Torlesse, Cronin, A. A., Sebayang, S. K., & Nandy, R. (2016). Determinants of stunting in Indonesian children: Evidence from a cross-sectional survey indicate a prominent role for the water, sanitation and hygiene sector in stunting reduction. BMC Public Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3339-8

UNICEF. (2020). Nutrition, for Every Child. www.unicef.org

Utami, N., Rachmalina, R., Irawati, A., Sari, K., Rosha, B., Amaliah, N., & Besral. (2018). Short birth length, low birth weight and maternal short stature are dominant risks of stunting among children aged 0-23 months: Evidence from Bogor longitudinal study on child growth and development, Indonesia. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 24(1), 11–23. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325534345_Short_birth_length_low_birth_weight_and_maternal_short_stature_are_dominant_risks_of_stunting_among_children_aged_0-23_months_Evidence_from_Bogor_longitudinal_study_on_child_growth_and_development_Ind

Vonaesch, P., Tondeur, L., Breurec, S., Bata, P., Nguyen, L. B. L., Frank, T., Farra, A., Rafaï, C., Giles-Vernick, T., Gody, J. C., Gouandjika-Vasilache, I., Sansonetti, P., & Vray, M. (2017). Factors associated with stunting in healthy children aged 5 years and less living in Bangui (RCA). PloS One, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0182363

Wang, X., & Cheng, Z. (2020). Cross-Sectional Studies: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations. Chest, 158(1S), S65–S71. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEST.2020.03.012

WHO. (2019). Nutrition Landscape Information System. WHO. https://apps.who.int/nutrition/landscape/help.aspx?menu=0&helpid=391〈=EN

Wicaksono, Arto, K. S., Mutiara, E., Deliana, M., Lubis, M., & Batubara, J. R. L. (2021). Risk factors of stunting in Indonesian children aged 1 to 60 months. Paediatrica Indonesiana, 61(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.14238/PI61.1.2021.12-9

Yani, D. I., Rahayuwati, L., Sari, C. W. M., Komariah, M., & Fauziah, S. R. (2023). Family Household Characteristics and Stunting: An Update Scoping Review. Nutrients, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/NU15010233

Yefri, R., Lipoeto, N. I., Putra, A. E., & Kadim, M. (2022). Parental Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Stunted Children below 5 Years of Age in Kampar Indonesia. Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(B), 1889–1893. https://doi.org/10.3889/OAMJMS.2022.10235

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.