The Influence of Parenting Stress towards Parental Well-Being in the Covid-19 Pandemic Era
Abstract
The Covid 19 pandemic has hit Indonesia for the last 1.5 years. This pandemic impacts various aspects of life in society, including economic, educational, socio-cultural, technological aspects. Various changes caused several problems from different systems, and one of them is family education. Better system in the family management needs to be done, such as the management of parenting stress, which will improve the parental well-being, thus creating family resilience in facing the covid 19 pandemic. This study aims to find out the effect of parenting stress on parental well-being. The number of samples used in this study was 70 parents, with the characteristics of having a child aged 1-6 years. The sample was elderly people living in Bandar Lampung City and Lampung Regency. Data retrieval technique using questionnaires from google form distributed through Whatsapp group of PAUD teachers. The questionnaire consists of stress parenting and parental well-being. The technique used to analyze the data was simple linear regression analysis. The results showed that parenting stress had an effect on the parental well-being (β = 0.428, p = 0.005), and effective contribution = 42.8%).
References
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Proctor, L. J., & Dubowitz, H. (2014). Child neglect: Challenges and controversies. In Handbook of Child Maltreatment.
Spinelli, M., Lionetti, F., Pastore, M., & Fasolo, M. (2020). Parents' Stress and Children's Psychological Problems in Families Facing the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(July), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01713
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Wilson, S., & Durbin, C. E. (2010). Effects of paternal depression on fathers’ parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.007
Brodeur, A., Clark, A. E., Fleche, S., & Powdthavee, N. (2020). COVID-19, lockdowns and well-being: Evidence from Google Trends. Journal of Public Economics, 193, 104346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104346
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it : rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
Brownell, C. A., Svetlova, M., Anderson, R., Nichols, S. R., & Drummond, J. (2012). Socialization of Early Prosocial Behavior: Parents' Talk About Emotions is Associated With Sharing and Helping in Toddlers. Infancy, 18(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7078.2012.00125.x
Camehl, G. F., Spiess, C. K., & Hahlweg, K. (2020). The Effects of a Parenting Program on Maternal Well-Being: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial. B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, 20(4), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2020-0084
Choi, M., Tessler, H., & Kao, G. (2020). Arts and crafts as an educational strategy and coping mechanism for Republic of Korea and United States parents during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Review of Education, 66(5–6), 715–735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-020-09865-8
Di Renzo, L., Gualtieri, P., Pivari, F., Soldati, L., Attinà, A., Cinelli, G., … De Lorenzo, A. (2020). Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 lockdown: An Italian survey. Journal of Translational Medicine, 18(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02399-5
Etheridge, B., & Spantig, L. (2020). The gender gap in mental well-being during the Covid-19 outbreak: Evidence from the UK. Covid Economics: Vetted and Real-Time Papers, 1(33), 46–72.
Fitri, R. K., & Nashori, F. (2021). Islamic Religious Coping, Partner Support and Parenting Stress On Mothers Who Accompany Their Children Study From Home in a Covid-19 Pandemic Situation. Psikis : Jurnal Psikologi Islami, 7(1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.19109/psikis.v7i1.7906
Hamermesh, D. S. (2020). Lockdowns, Loneliness and Life Satisfaction. NBER Working Paper, April. https://doi.org/10.3386/W27018
Harahap, S. A., & Purwanta, E. (2021). Problematika Pembelajaran Daring dan Luring Anak Usia Dini bagi Guru dan Orang tua di Masa Pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(2), 1825–1836. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v5i2.1013
Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A Compact Scale for the Measurement of Psychological Well-Being. Personaliy and Individual Differences, 33, 1073–1082.
Huebener, M., Waights, S., Spiess, C. K., Siegel, N. A., & Wagner, G. G. (2021). Parental well-being in times of Covid-19 in Germany. Review of Economics of the Household, 19(1), 91–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09529-4
Humphreys, K. L., Myint, M. T., & Zeanah, C. H. (2020). Increased Risk for Family Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Pediatrics, 145(4). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0982
Kandedes, I. (2020). Kekerasan terhadap Anak di Masa Pandemi Covid 19. Jurnal Harkat Media Komunikasi Gender, 16(1), 66–67.
Kashdan, T. B. (2004). The assessment of subjective well-being (issues raised by the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire). Personality and Individual Differences, 36(5), 1225–1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00213-7
Krekel, C., Swanke, S., Neve, J. De, Fancourt, D., Powdthavee, N., Prati, A., … Pinchuk, K. (2020). ARE HAPPIER PEOPLE MORE COMPLIANT ? Are Happier People More Compliant ? Global Evidence From Three Large-Scale Surveys During Covid-19 Lockdowns 1 London School of Economics University of Oxford University College London Draft 1 : ARE HAPPIER PEOPLE MORE . https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/65df4
Lee, S. J., Perron, B. E., Taylor, C. A., & Guterman, N. B. (2011). Paternal Psychosocial Characteristics and Corporal Punishment of Their 3-Year-Old Children. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16(1), 71–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510362888
Lilawati, A. (2021). Peran Orang Tua dalam Mendukung Kegiatan Pembelajaran di Rumah pada Masa Pandemi. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(1), 549–558. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v5i1.630
Lyu, K., Xu, Y., Cheng, H., & Li, J. (2020). The implementation and effectiveness of intergenerational learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from China. International Review of Education, 66(5–6), 833–855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-020-09877-4
Malhi, P., Bharti, B., & Sidhu, M. (2021). Stress and Parenting During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Psychosocial Impact on Children. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 88(5), 481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-021-03665-0
Nærde, A., & Hukkelberg, S. S. (2020). An examination of validity and reliability of the Parental Stress Scale in a population based sample of Norwegian parents. PLoS ONE, 15(12 December), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242735
Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist Association, 75(5), 631–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000660
Proctor, L. J., & Dubowitz, H. (2014). Child neglect: Challenges and controversies. In Handbook of Child Maltreatment.
Spinelli, M., Lionetti, F., Pastore, M., & Fasolo, M. (2020). Parents' Stress and Children's Psychological Problems in Families Facing the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(July), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01713
Sumakul, Y., & Ruata, S. C. N. (2020). Kesejahteraan Psikologis dalam masa Pandemi COVID-19. Journal of Psychology “Humanlight,” 1(1), 1–7.
Sunarti, E., Kamilah, D., Almas, H., & Pitriani, S. (2021). Family Subjective Well-Being of Health Workers Women During The Covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of Family Sciences, 5(2), 103–120. https://doi.org/10.29244/jfs.v5i2.33152
Wilson, S., & Durbin, C. E. (2010). Effects of paternal depression on fathers’ parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.007
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