Covid-19, Global Crisis and the Challenges of Human Security Management in Nigeria
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Published
Apr 28, 2022
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Abstract
As Nigeria reels under the security challenges causes by the insurgency of the Boko Haram Islamic sect, and Islamic State West African Province, ISWAP in the North East region, as well as banditry, armed robbery, kidnappings for ransom, ritual killings, separatist movement of the Indigenous People of Biafra, IPOB and the menace of the Fulani Herdsmen, the unprecedented killer COVID-19 pandemic and its concomitant global crisis changed the pattern of the security challenges and greatly undermined human security in the country. It is within this premise that this study made concerted effort to review the changing pattern of the Nigeria’s public safety and national security challenges in the COVID-19 pandemic era which in turn undermined human security. To achieve its objectives, this study adopted the historical research design which is qualitative and explorative in nature. Thus, secondary sources of data were reliably used in gathering of materials for the study and for gleaning extant literatures in the study area. Because of its contribution to the development of a civil society which is largely in practice in recent times, the Natural State theory was adopted as its theoretical framework. The study finds out among others that in the face of the outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, its accompaniment global crisis and the existing national security challenges in Nigeria are on the increase rather than in the decrease and all of which in turn threatened human security that was already in comatose state. Study concludes that the nexus between the security challenges in the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 pandemic eras is that both have tolled on human and material capital in Nigeria. The study therefore offers useful policy options to these national issues.
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Oluka, N. L. (2022). Covid-19, Global Crisis and the Challenges of Human Security Management in Nigeria. Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services, 4(1), 161-194. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v4i1.56427
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Research Article
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The Authors(s) retain copyrights of the Article published on Indonesian J. Advoc. Legal Serv. However, before publishing, it is required to obtain written confirmation from Author(s) in order to ensure the originality (Author Statement of Originality). The statement is to be signed by at least one of the authors who have obtained the assent of the co-author(s) where applicable. This work licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
References
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Iregbemi, P. & Uzonwanne, C. (2015). Security Challenges and Implications to National Stability. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 6(4), 169-175.
Ivor, I. (2020 October, 7). Applying Covid Learning to Nigeria’ Security threatsNewAfrican Magazine. Retrieved 18/10/2021. https://newafricanmagazine.com/24442/
Kapeh, K. A. K. (2017). Vigilantes in Counterinsurgencies: Nigerian Civil Joint Task Force in Perspective. Strategic Research Project International Fellow, United States Army War College, Class 2017.
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Kinsey, C. & Krieg, A. (2021). Assembling a Force to Defeat Boko Haram: How Nigeria Integrated the Market into its Counterinsurgency Strategy. Defense & Security Analysis, 37(2), 232-249. DOI:10.1080/14751798.2021.1919356.
Madeira, J. (2020 May, 6). Pandemics, Security, and Terrorism in Nigeria. ASP American Security Project. https://www.americansecurityproject.org/pandemics-security-and-terrorism-in-nigeria/
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Okolie-Osemene, J. (2021). Nigeria Security Governance Dilemmas during the COVID-19 Crisis. South African Journal of Political Studies, 48(2), 260-277.
Oladele, I. (2010). Effects of pastoralist conflict on access to resource i Savannah area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Life Science Journal, 2011; 8(2), 616-621.
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Onuoha, F. C. (2012). The Audacity of the Boko Haram: Background, Analysis and Emerging Trend. Security Journal, 25(2), 134-151.
Ookeditse, L. (2020). Reimagining Botswana’s National Security in Light of COVID-19. African Security Review, 29(3), 267-279. DOI: 10:1080/10246029.1806088.
Orhero, A. E. (2020). Human Security: The Key to Enduring National Security in Nigeria. Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law, 17(2020), 470-484.
Osah, G. & Adewumi, E. (2020). COVID 19 and Security Management in Nigeria. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Review, 10(3), 10-18.
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Achumba, I. C., Ighomereho, O. S., & Akpor-Robaro, M. O. M. (2013). Security Challenges in Nigeria and the Implications for Business Activities and Sustainable Development. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(2), 79-99.
Adibe, J. (2012). Boko Haram: One sect, conflicting narratives. African Renaissance, 9(1), 2012.
Afeno, S. O. (2014). Insurgency, Counter-Insurgency and Human Rights Violations in Nigeria. The Age of Human Rights Journal, 3(December), 46-62.
Akwen, G. T. (2011). Theories of International Relations: An Introductory Text. Germany, Latvia: Lambert Academic Publishing.
Alozieuwa, S. H. O. (2012). Contending Theories on Nigeria’s Security Challenges in the Era of Boko Haram Insurgency. Peace & Conflict Review, 7(1), 1-8.
Amorighoye, T. A. (2020). COVID-19 has exposed the education divide in Nigeria: This is how we can also close it. World Economic Forum. https://www.wforum.org/agenda/2020/06/education-nigeria-covid-19-digital-divide/.
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Attah, N. E., Sambo, U., Sule, B., Bello, M. A.,& Saragih, M.Y. (2021). COVID-19 and Increased Security Challenges in Northern Nigeria: Interrogating Armed Banditry in North Western Nigeria. SIASAT Journal of Religious, Social, Cultural and Political Sciences, 6(1), 33-44.
Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation (ACCORD). (2020). Reappraising Conflict Trends in Nigeria amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://www.accord.org.za/conflict-trend/appraising-conflicts-in-nigeria-amidst-the-covid-19-pandemic.
Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation (ACCORD). (2021). The Security Situation in Nigeria. June, 7. https://www.ecoi.net/en/countries/nigeria/featured-topics/security-situation/.
Brechenmacher, S. (2019). Stabilizing Northeast Nigeria after Boko Haram. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, September, 03. https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/05/03/stabilizing-northeast-nigeria-after-boko-haram-pub-79042.
Burton, P. (2018). Material Realism: A Systems theory of International Politics. A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School, the College of Arts and Letters and the Department of Political Science, International Development and International Affairs for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Southern Mississippi. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/1506.
Chiduma, C. G., Oko-Otu, C. N. & Aro, G.C. (2021). State Fragility and COVID-19 pandemic: Implications on the political economy of Nigeria.ELSEVIER Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 3(2021) 100127.
Duerksen, M. (2017). Nigeria’s Diverse Security Threats. African Center for Strategic Studies. https://africacenter.org/spotlight/nigeria-diverse-security-threats/. (March 30).
Duru, E. J. C. (2012). The Poverty of Crisis Management Strategies in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: A Focus on the Amnesty Programme. African Research Review: International Multidisciplinary Journal, Ethiopia, 6(2), 162-170.
Eke, G & Ejor, E. C. (2021). Covid-19 and Nigeria: Rethinking the Architecture of National Security. UJAH, 22(1), 225-241.
Ewa, I.O. (2018). Nigeria’s Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: Implications, Issues and Lessons for National Security. Review of History and Political Science, 6(1), 33-42.
Foster-Bowser, E. & Sanders, A. (2012). Security threat in the Sahel and beyond. Civil-Military Fusion Center.www.cimiciebed.org.
Gubak, H. D. & Bulus, K. (2018). National Security Challenges and Sustainable Development in Nigeria: A Critical Analysis of the Niger Delta Region.Global Journal of Political Science and Administration, 6(4), 32-50.
Ilo, U. J., Jonathan-Ichaver, L. & Adamolekun, Y. (2019). The Deadliest Conflict You’ve Never Heard of: Nigeria’s Cattle Herders and Farmers Wage a Resource War. Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/nigeria/2019-01-23/deadliest-conflict-youve-never-heard.
International Crisis Group (ICG). (2017 October, 25). Cameroon’s Far North: Reconstruction amid Ongoing Conflict. https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/centra-africa/cameroon/b133-extreme-nord-du-cameroun-le-casse-tete-de-la-reconstruction-en-perode-de-conflt.
International Crisis Group (ICG). (2018). Stopping Nigeria’s Spiralling Farmer-Herder Violence. (26 July 2018). https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/262-stopping-nigerias-farmers-herders-violence.
Iregbemi, P. & Uzonwanne, C. (2015). Security Challenges and Implications to National Stability. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 6(4), 169-175.
Ivor, I. (2020 October, 7). Applying Covid Learning to Nigeria’ Security threatsNewAfrican Magazine. Retrieved 18/10/2021. https://newafricanmagazine.com/24442/
Kapeh, K. A. K. (2017). Vigilantes in Counterinsurgencies: Nigerian Civil Joint Task Force in Perspective. Strategic Research Project International Fellow, United States Army War College, Class 2017.
Kim, E. (2020 April 26). The Astounding Idiocy of Charging China for Reparations. MEL Magazine, Los Angeles, USA.
Kim, R. H. (2015). What is National Security? The Heritage Foundation. https://www.heritage.org/military-strength-topical-essay/2015-essays/what-national-security.
Kinsey, C. & Krieg, A. (2021). Assembling a Force to Defeat Boko Haram: How Nigeria Integrated the Market into its Counterinsurgency Strategy. Defense & Security Analysis, 37(2), 232-249. DOI:10.1080/14751798.2021.1919356.
Madeira, J. (2020 May, 6). Pandemics, Security, and Terrorism in Nigeria. ASP American Security Project. https://www.americansecurityproject.org/pandemics-security-and-terrorism-in-nigeria/
Meadows, D. H. (2018). Thinking in Systems: A Primer. In W. Diana (ed). Chelsea Green Publishing Company.
National Security Strategy (NSS). (2019). National Security Strategy Report. Federal Republic of Nigeria, December, 2019.
Nigeria Center for Disease Control (NCDC). (2021 September, 7). COVID-19 Nigeria Confirmed cases by States.https://covid-19.ncdc.gov.ng/#!
Obi, C. K. (2015). Challenges of Insecurity for National Development. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(2), 13-18.
Okolie-Osemene, J. (2021). Nigeria Security Governance Dilemmas during the COVID-19 Crisis. South African Journal of Political Studies, 48(2), 260-277.
Oladele, I. (2010). Effects of pastoralist conflict on access to resource i Savannah area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Life Science Journal, 2011; 8(2), 616-621.
Oluwale, O. (2021). Rising insecurity in northwest Nigeria: Terrorism thinly disguised as banditry. BROOKINGS. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2021/02/18/rising-in-northernwest-nigeria-terrorism0thinly-disguised-as-banditry.
Omar, S. M. & Ndubuisi, C. A. (2018). Response to Boko Haram in the Lake Chad Region: Policies, Cooperation and Livelihoods. ISS Institute for Security Studies Research Report, July 2018.
Omotuyi, S. (2018). Russo/Nigerian Relations in the Context of Counterinsurgency Operation in Nigeria. SAGE Jadavpur Journal of International Relations, 23(1), 48-68. DOI:10:1177/0873598418803526.
Onuoha, F. C. (2011). The Audacity of the Boko Haram: Background Analysis and Emerging Trends. Security Journal, 13 (6).
Onuoha, F. C. (2012). The Audacity of the Boko Haram: Background, Analysis and Emerging Trend. Security Journal, 25(2), 134-151.
Ookeditse, L. (2020). Reimagining Botswana’s National Security in Light of COVID-19. African Security Review, 29(3), 267-279. DOI: 10:1080/10246029.1806088.
Orhero, A. E. (2020). Human Security: The Key to Enduring National Security in Nigeria. Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law, 17(2020), 470-484.
Osah, G. & Adewumi, E. (2020). COVID 19 and Security Management in Nigeria. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Review, 10(3), 10-18.
Osisanya, S. (n.d.). National Security versus Global Security. UN Chronicle. Https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/national-security-versus-global-security.
Robert, B. & Stuart, R. (2021). COVID Variants: What You Should Know. Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/corona.
Romm, J. J. (1993). Defining national security: the nonmilitary security aspects. Pew Project of America’s Task in a Changed World (Pew Project Series). Council on Foreign Relations, p.222. ISBN 978-0-87609-135-7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security.
Roth, K. (2021). COVID-19, Abuses by Boko Haram, Restriction on Humanitarian Access in the Northeast. Human Rights Watch World Report. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/nigeria.
Sahara Reports. (2021 February, 19). Second Nigeria/Biafra War Has Just Started But We Will Defend Our Land- IPOB. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria/.
Salawu, B. (2012). Ethno-Religious Conflicts in Nigeria: Causal Analysis and Proposals for New Management Strategies. European Journal of Social Science, 13(3),345-353.
Sanubi, F. A. (1999). Introduction to the Theories of International Relations. (2nd Edition). Warri, Nigeria: COWEA Publishers.
Seun, O. (2021 July, 7). Nnamdi Kanu: IPOB makes clarification on ESN planning bombs in Southeast. Daily Post News Nigeria. https://dailypost.ng/2021/07/07/nnamdi-kanu-ipob-makes-clarification-on-esn-planting-bombs-in-southeast/.
Seun, O. (2021 September, 15). Yobe: NAF jet bombs ‘Bahari village’ over Boko Haram, ISWAP camps. Daily Post News. https://dailypost.ng/2021/09/15/yobe-naf-bombs-buhari-village-boko-haram-iswap-camps/?amp=1
Shereen, M. A., Khan, S., Kazmi, A., Bashir, N., & Siddique, R. (2020). COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. Journal of Advanced Research, 24:91-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005
Sikiru, L. N. (2013). Element of Political Science. National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN), School of Arts and Social Sciences.
Unite Nations Security Council (UNSC). (2020, February 23). Reasons forlistingIslamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP) as being associated with ISIL or Al-Qaida. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/islamic-state-est-provinc-iswap-0.
Unite Nations Trust Fund for Human Security (UN-TFHS). (20O9). Human Security in Theory and Practice. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs United Nations. https://www.unocha.org/sites/dms/HSU/Publication.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (1994). New Dimensions: Human Development Report. New York, USA: Oxford.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (1996). United Nations Development Programme: Human Development Report. Lagos, Nigeria.
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA). (2021). Nigeria: 2021 Humanitarian Response Plan. https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/nigeria-2021-humanitarian-response-plan-february-2021. (16, March, 2021)
United States Department of State (USDS). (2013). Country Reports on Terrorism. Bureau of Counterterrorism, U.S.A. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram.
World Health Organization (W.H.O). (2020). COVID-19. WHO EMRO - Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office. https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/corona-virus/questions-and-answers.html.
Yusuf, S. (2009). State of nature theories and their reflections on education policies. Procedia Social and Behavioural Sciences, 1(2009), 1936-1938.