Author Guideline

GENERAL REQUIREMENT

Types and Characters of Manuscript

Indonesian Journal of Curriculum and Educational Technology Studies (IJCETS) publishes manuscripts focusing on the field of curriculum studies and educational technology either empirical or conceptual studies. IJCETS, which publishes two times in a year (April and November), involves reviewers from various well-known institutions who are experts in their respective fields. IJCETS publications can be accessed freely and directly from the journal's official website or be searched through several indexing engines including the Directory of Open Access Journal (DOAJ), Google Scholar, and others.

There are three types of manuscripts published by IJCETS, they are:

manuscripts coming from empirical studies, either qualitative or quantitative, including developmental and action research
conceptual-theoretical manuscripts, mainly concerning on substantial ideas or interesting topics, and
book reviews containing reviews of books that are considered as essential for the development of the scientific field and practice of curriculum and educational technology, aiming at providing a choice of the reading source to readers.

The main consideration from the IJCETS editorial board to accept and publish such manuscript are its novelty, uniqueness, and potential for the future research. The manuscript that contain novelty means it could reveal new findings, meanings, or formulate such new concept and theories. Uniqueness means the focus of the research have not been studied before, either its specific topics or sub-topics. Finally, the manuscript that have huge potential to pave the further research is the one that revealing several new potential topics to be studied furthermore.

For that reason, IJCETS wishes that the submitted manuscripts should contain a comprehensive theoretical basis and review of the previous research, having clear and strong methodology as well as in-depth analysis. A comprehensive study of previous research and a strong theoretical study direct the research toward more specific and unique analysis that have huge potential contribution to the development of such field of studies. A clear and robust methodology maintains research to its scientific quality and standard, whereas in-depth analysis of data or findings encourages the production of research that is rich in data and perspectives.

IJCETS is committed to expanding the publication circulation by issuing manuscripts written in English, so that the prospective authors should submit the English manuscripts through our official OJS system. Thus, an article sent to IJCETS is immediately rejected if (1) it does not fit within the scope of the journal, (2) the research objective or the manuscript writing is unclear, (3) there is no significant potential contribution to the field of curriculum studies or educational technology, (4) the writing system is inconsistent with the provided template, (5) it has poor grammar, and (6) it does not use a reference manager application, for example, Mendeley

Writing Systems

In general, the systematics of the manuscript for IJCETS is not much different from other, the sections are:

Title
Author name/s
Author identity
Correspondence address
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References

For articles generated from research, especially field research, it is necessary to include the â€œMethodsâ€ section. Otherwise, if it is a theoretical study, the "Methods" section is omitted. So, the authors can write directly the parts of the analysis and do not require the "Results and Discussion" section. Thus, the arrangement is simpler. Here's an example.

Title
Author name/s
Author identity
Correspondence address
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Comparing Various Definitions of Educational Technology Definition: 1963-2004
Discourse on Expanding the Definition of Educational Technology in 2017
Contextualization of the Definition of Educational Technology in Indonesia
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References

The example of theoretical review, as in number 8 to 10, is the part of the discussion section. Therefore, authors may immediately write a review of the target topic without having to write the Methods or Results and Discussion. Other than that, the Acknowledgements can be omitted as it is addressed to a certain research-supporting institution or an individual taking part in the study, if not, the Acknowledgements is no longer needed

General Writing

Generally, the manuscript writing system issued by IJCETS is relatively similar to the other manuscript writing style, especially from social and humanities. Nevertheless, IJCETS has a specificity according to the template developed. In this case, there is a difference between the template given to potential authors and the final layout of the finished article for publication. Templates are specially designed to make it easier for authors to construct the manuscripts, facilitate reviewers to review, and ease the lay-outer to organize text and images for the manuscript neatness.

Manuscript Length

Manuscripts are written accordingly to the official template of IJCETS in 6000 words minimum and 7000 maximum. However, the editorial staff remains to be tolerant for an 8000 words-length manuscript if it is descriptive or narrative containing important information for the audience. Especially for book review manuscripts, there are at least 3.000 words and a maximum of 4000 words.

Font and Typing

Authors are expected to type their manuscript directly in the provided template, which could be downloaded freely from IJCETS official website. The font type and size have been examined in the manuscript. Customarily, the font type used is Constantia, 16 pts for the title, 11 pts for the author name/s, 10 pts for the body, and 9 pts for the abstract, keywords, first authorâ€™s address, direct quotations written in a separate paragraph, table content, and references.

CITATION AND ILLUSTRATION

American Psychological Association (APA) Style

Citing opinions or research finding from other articles has several purposes, including (1) helping to strengthen the explanation of certain concepts in the manuscript, (2) strengthening the author arguments, (3) showing the similarity or differences toward such opinions or research findings, (4) revealing opinions and research findings that are still on a limited scale or in different contexts, (5) comparing the research findings with other studiesâ€™, and (6) using certain theoretical perspectives to assist analysis.

There are two types of citation, indirect and direct citation. Indirect citation is a way of quoting by writing a substantial part of the quoted opinions/findings in a paragraph using the authorsâ€™ own words without changing/reducing the message. On the other hand, direct quotation lets the authors make no change on the quoted source, so, they just rewrite the sentences and attach the author name/s, publication year, and page/s.

IJCETS editorial team refers to the American Psychological Association (APA) Style in writing indirect quotations, direct quotations, and references. Some of the basic rules in APA Style are as follows.

It is necessary to write the last name of the author/s, the publication year, and the page/s quoted. Example: â€¦â€¦ (Subkhan, 2016, pp. 20-23). The page begins with the letter "p" which stands for "page", while "pp" is used when citing several pages at once in sequence.
If the citation is a paraphrase of an essay, it is sufficient to only write the surname and year. Example:â€¦(Tilaar, 2017).
No need to include the academic title of the referred author/s.
If there is no author found, then the text title is written as reference (see example).
Footnote is not recommended as it has the potential to waste the number of pages. However, you can use footnotes if you have to due to the important things that require a separate explanation.

In order to make it easier for the author to manage their works automatically, especially on citing and writing bibliography, IJCETS requires the authors to use such reference manager such as Mendeley. Mendeley could be easily downloaded, installed and used properly. The author should add the references to the application automatically or manually. Mendeley also provide another writing style besides APA Style, for instance, Chicago Manual, IEEE, and Harvard.

As have been stated earlier, IJCETS adopts the APA Style as the main reference. If the authors use Mendeley, they have to pay attention to the completeness of the data from article, book, book chapter, and others inputted in the system. This is important because not all information can be read by Mendeley automatically. Sometimes Mendeley miss some important information, such as the author name, title written in all-capital, undetected publication year, etc. Hence, authors need to look at the documents or files to be added to Mendeley manually and then correct it properly to avoid citation errors.

Authors can match the Mendeleyâ€™s writing style results with the official guideline issued by the associated institution. For instance, the guideline to the APA Style is available on its website to be purchased. If authors do not want to buy the full version, the free one can be accessed in the OWL Purdue website. Nevertheless, not all documents are standardized in the APA Style, for example, legal products. US and Indonesia have a different style of writing laws or regulations issued by the respective government. For that reason, the writing style of the legal product follows the context of each countryâ€™s original version (see example).

Indirect Citation

In short, using indirect citation means you should pharaprase the essence of the reference you quoted. Therefore, it is not just copying and pasting, but reading, understanding, and rewritingâ€”pharapraseâ€”in different words. Indirect citation as well as direct citation can be derived from books, scientific articles, website pages, documents downloaded from the website, as well as personal communications (email, interviews). Provided are an example of indirect citations referring to the APA Style.

Table 1 The Example of Indirect Citations based on the APA Style

Criteria	Example
Single author	Soedijarto (2013, p. 101) suggested that the National Examination be postponed and the government should focus more on achieving the national education standard.
1-5 authors	Paulo Freire's thought on education is very critical (Apple, Gandin, & Hypolito, 2006). This is in line with Apple, Gandin, dan Hypolito (2006) who confirmed that Paulo Freireâ€™s thought on education is indeed very critical.
More than 5 authors, use et al.	Harris et al. (1998) argued that educational policy is always related to politics. Educational policy is admittedly associated with politics (Harris et al., 1998).
Quoting opinions that have been cited in a particular source	John Dewey (in Subkhan, 2016, p. 35) stated that education is not merely a preparation for future life, but the life itself. Hatta explained that freedom is a golden bridge to peopleâ€™s bliss (in Tilaar, 2016, p. 105).
For news, articles, or reports originating from printed or online mass media while the author is not known, write the 2-4 first words from the title	So far, Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) has initiated several collaborations with foreign universities, one of which isâ€¦. (Unnes Jalin Kerjasama, 2014) In rare cases, use "Anonymous" This case proves that the appointment of officials at the Education Office is always influenced by political interests and considerations (Anonymous, 2015).
For an organization as the author, include the complete name of the organization.	Referring to Indonesian Curriculum Developer Association (2014), the government should pay attention to the needs of curriculum developers and evaluators at the educational unit level. If the organization has been familiar Teachers in the Continuous Professional Development/Pengembangan Keprofesian Berkelanjutan (PKB) program are required to conduct annual self-evaluation (Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 2011)
Legal products (laws, regulations), write the institutions that issue them, for example, Local Government, Ministry of Education and Culture, Republic of Indonesia, and others.	Laws or other legal products The policy regarding freedom of learning for higher education is stated in the Regulation of the Minister of Education and Culture No. 3 of 2020 on National Higher Education Standards (Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 2020). One of the legal products that form the basis of the neo-liberalization of Indonesian education is Law No. 9 of 2009 on Education Legal Entities (Republik Indonesia, 2009).
Two authors from two different sources in one sentence	Cases of school violence cannot be blamed on teachers alone. Family, society, and mass media also have a big role in triggering, or otherwise, muffling the potential of school violence (Seto, 2010; Sirait, 2008). If the authors have the same surname in a sentence The student movement basically cannot stand alone. The cases of 1966 and 1998 show the involvement of several political interests from the military and societyâ€™s support for students (Y. Haryono, 2008; A. Haryono, 2010).
One author with different works, add a, b, c, etc. after the publication year	Critical education should be used as a theoretical and methodological reference in the development and implementation of Pancasila education (Subkhan, 2016a). If quoted all in one sentence The social change greatly affects the governmentâ€™s direction of policymaking in the educational field (Subkhan, 2016a; Subkhan, 2016b). The direction of our formal education development is now too much driven by the interests of economic growth as stated by Subkhan (2016a, 2016b).
Quoting from personal communication through email, interview, and the like	Ahmad said that the school where he teaches needs more teachers (personal communication, 3 November 2017). The inauguration of principals sometimes pays more attention to seniority and personal closeness instead of academic qualifications and individual competence (A.J. Hutasoit, personal communication, 14 January 2018). P.S.: Personal communication is not included in the references
If the time/year of publication cannot be found, write the title of the article followed by the n.d. (no date)	The management of museums as a fascinating learning medium for the community constrains many problems (Museum di Indonesia, n.d.).
For websites without page, write the author, year, and paragraph order. The word paragraph is abbreviated into â€œparaâ€	Cultural phenomena are suitably understood using the postmodern perspective (Piliang, 2018, para. 3). If it is difficult to find the paragraph order, write the title/subtitle followed by paragraph order As stated by Smith (1997), the development of technology highly influences the educational world, even at the technical level. For example, cognitivism whose explanation is analogized with the process of storing and managing data in a computer (Cognitivism learning paradigm, para. 5).
Citing from the second source	Deleuze & Guattariâ€™s concept of the assemblage (as cited in Nail, 2017) â€¦.

Direct Citation

Next, direct citation is quoting without changing the substance, words, or sentence structure. In other words, the authors all need to do is copying the sentence from the source referred into separate paragraph. The writing is indented in line with the Alenia and does not need to begin and end with quotation marks ("). In the template provided by IJCETS, the direct citation is written a smaller font (9 pts) than the normal paragraph font size (10 pts). The following Table 2 is the example.

Table 2 The example of direct citations based on the APA Style

Educational practices run with a bank-like system is not productive at all, and at the same time, inhumane. Critical education theorist and activist, Paulo Freire (2013, p. 53) stated as follows.

In a banking education, knowledge is a god gift granted by those considering themselves knowledgeable to people whom they think do not own any knowledge. To judge the absolute foolishness of others is a hallmark of the oppression ideology which denies education and knowledge as a process of seeking.

The teacher workload is relatively heavy. The effort to fulfill the responsibility of being an elementary school teacher is already quite a hassle, especially if you add to the demands to always develop self-competence as mandated by statutory provisions. One of the teachers explained the following.

Well, yes, itâ€™s quite hard as there is no administrative staff here so that the teachers have to cover the administrative duties as well. That is in addition to compiling assignments to students and evaluating, which are done almost every day. At home, as a wife, many house chores wait to be done. When asked about self-development, I think that it is out-of-reach, mainly when no one accompanies us in school (Informant 3).

The national curriculum, howsoever, must be changed. Some scholars have argued that since a long time ago, every time there are developments in science, technology, industry, economics, and politics, the curriculum has also changed. Adiartanto (2013) says:

Adaptations to recent development is one of the reasons frequently discussed when curriculum change occurs. The 1947 curriculum change which paid attention to the formation of a human character who was sovereign and equal to other nations, was refined into the 1952 curriculum with the name of Unraveled Learning Plan focusing more on the content of lessons related to the needs of everyday life. This is an example of curriculum refinement due to adjustments to developments. (p.95)

Direct citation in Table 2 shows three examples of it. The first example was taken from a book/reference, while the second was derived from an interview with the teacher as the informant. The third example is a citation from a book with page information placed at the end of the quotation. In general, it is not much different from the indirect citation in terms of writing the author name, year, and page â€” as discussed earlier. Usually, direct citation intends to strengthen the readers about what the author quoted directly from the primary source. Important statements by experts, conclusions from the research results, and part of a policy or law are relatively often excerpted using direct citation.

Tables and Figures

According to APA style figures and tables function to illustrate the data and information more clearly to the audience in a visual form. Sometimes much information in such manuscript could get biased because maybe it has too many paragraphs in which prevent the readers/audience to perceive the essence of the manuscript clearly. Therefore, figures and tables are useful to help the readers to understand the message of the manuscript clearly. Regarding to its function to illustrate the data and information more clearly as possible, so if some information already in the table or figure the author should not explain the same information in text.

Each table or picture has a caption to explain the substance of the table or figure and its sources. For table, the caption is written above the table, for figure the caption is written below the figure. Moreover, APA style considers table as an integrate part of the paragraph, therefore the author should remove the horizontal line in the table, except the header of the table. Tableâ€™s font size is smaller than the body paragraph, if the body paragraphâ€™s font size is 10 pt, the font size in the table could be 9 or 8 pt. Below are the examples of the table and figure.

Figure 1 The Example of Table Style and Its Description

Figure 2 The Example of an Appropriate Image Caption

INTRODUCTION

Title

A title intends to describe the substance of the manuscript. The title is formulated in such a way so that it can be easily found by readers through search engines such as Google, Google Scholar, and DOAJ. Conventional titlesâ€”often comes from such research that clearly indicates the variabels, population, and the context of the researchâ€”need to be changed into more popular in interesting to the readers. Therefore, the author should find the easy finding words or phrases that represent the important concept of the manuscript. Here are some things to consider in writing an article title.

Showing or conveying the main objective of the study.
Describing the research findings, its analysis interpretation.
Should not contain abbreviations, except for certain products that have standardized abbreviations, for example, IBM, PowerPoint, R2D2, ADDIE, and the like.
Using such official terms from such field of studies, i.e. educational technology or curriculum studies.
Being concise and attractive, no more than 12 words

Several references and examples in writing the academic manuscript title are as follows.

Table 3 The Example of Manuscript Titles

Curriculum change in Australia and Ireland: a comparative study of recent reforms

Education in conflict: how Islamic state established its curriculum?

Early years curriculum: funds of knowledge as a conceptual framework for childrenâ€™s interest

Design and co-configuration for hybrid learning: theorizing the practices of learning space design

I still miss human contact, but this is more flexibleâ€”paradoxes in virtual learning interaction and multidisciplinary collaboration

Enhancing learning motivation of students with special needs using learning video

If we look at some examples of the manuscript's title, at a glance, we can see an overview of the manuscript content. The first title immediately shows that the article is a comparative study between countries. The second title describes a paradigm conflict in Islamic countriesâ€™ curriculum design. The third title shows the focus of the study on the early childhood curriculum, especially on directing everyday knowledge as a conceptual framework for building children's interest. The fourth title describes the direction of the article by constructing a practice-based theory in learning space design. The fifth title describes research findings in the form of a paradox in virtual learning interactions. The sixth title shows research efforts in increasing the learning motivation of students with special needs using learning videos.

Abstract and Keywords

An abstract is the essence of a manuscript that is brief, concise, and clear. Reading an abstract is a shortcut for readers to understand the substance and the whole of the manuscript. Hence, it should be composed as well as possible in order to give a clear and concise overview of the article. In IJCETS, the abstract is written in two languages; English and Indonesian, both should be writing no more than 15o words. The abstract at least comprises (1) research objective; (2) research methods; (3) results; and (4) why the findings are important, their implications, or the potential for further studies.

In scientific writing, there are several â€œformulasâ€ in composing an abstract, for instance, BPMRC and IMRAD. BPMRC stands for Background, Problem, Methods, Results, and Conclusion, while IMRAD stands for Introduction, Method, Research, and Discussion. Both formulas could be applied, yet IJCETS editors suggest that the authors include at least four elements mentioned earlier.

Keywords are made up under the following conditions (1) describing the manuscript content, and (2) expressing a specific discipline or sub-discipline, mainly using terms that are widely used in the field of educational technology and curriculum studies. Below are some examples.

Table 4 The Example of an Abstract and Keywords in English

This article proposes a rationale for a transformative approach to education against the backdrop of an analysis of the current political scenario marked by neoliberalism and the effect of this ideology on educational policy and practice. The author looks at some of the intellectual influences that, in his view, continue to abet this process and the larger process of capitalist restructuring, all of which have an effect on educational policymaking and practice. What signposts should one explore for a transformative education, based on ideals of social justice, bearing this scenario in mind? The article will tentatively propose some of the ingredients for a transformative process of education and then proceed by providing a critical reflection on two â€œon the groundâ€ projects taking place in the authorâ€™s home country.

Keywords: transformative; neoliberalism; public sphere; parent participation; workersâ€™ education

The example in Table 4 is from Peter Mayoâ€™s manuscript (University of Malta) entitled â€œA Rationale for a transformative approach to educationâ€ published in the Journal of Transformative Education 1(1), January 2003, 38-57. The following example is an abstract written in English and Indonesian. It is drawn from an article by Sri Wahyuni entitled â€œPengubahan Konsep Diri sebagai Kunci Keberhasilan Pendidikan Anak Jalananâ€ issued in Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Jilid 20, Number 1, June 2014, pp. 27-36.

Table 5 The Example of an Abstract in English and Indonesian

This qualitative research aims at formulating a data-based theory concerning the success in educating street children. The study involved 13 street children and employed in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation study in collecting the data. Constant comparative analysis of the data reveals that the success or failure in educating street children is dependent upon the development of self-concept. This should be taken into consideration in constructing a more effective and creative education model to avoid â€œmalpracticeâ€ in handling street children.

Keywords: self-concept; education; street children

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan sebuah teori berdasarkan data yang dapat menjelaskan keberhasilan dan kegagalan pendidikan bagi anak jalanan. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan penelitian teori grounded, berlokasi di Rumah Singgah Insan Mandiri di Kecamatan Singosari Kabupaten Malang dengan 13 anak jalanan sebagai partisipan. Data dikumpulkan dengan teknik wawancara mendalam, observasi partisipatif, dan studi dokumentasi, kemudian dianalisis dengan metode analisis komparasi konstan. Penelitian ini menemukan sebuah teori keberhasilan dan kegagalan pendidikan bagi anak jalanan yang menjelaskan bahwa keberhasilan pendidikan bagi anak jalanan sangat dipengaruhi oleh konsep diri anak jalanan. Teori ini bermanfaat sebagai dasar bagi upaya penyusunan model pendidikan bagi anak jalanan yang efisien dan efektif, sehingga tidak akan terjadi malapraktik.

Kata kunci: konsep diri; pendidikan; anak jalanan

According to the example above that the two abstracts are not identical, because the author does not conduct such literal translation from English to its Indonesian version or the vice versa. He/she rewrite the English version from the Indonesian one by capturing the main feature or the substance of the abstract. Some tips when the author try to write the English version of the abstract from its Indonesian version are (1) it is not recommended to use the direct translation, and (2) don not use Google translateâ€”or another platformâ€”without considering the grammar, but write again using English logic which is simpler, denser, more concise that refers to the substance of the abstract.

Statistical formulas should not be inserted in the abstract, mainly for quantitative research. It also includes the findings or data analysis in the form of statistical calculations, except for simple forms such as percentages and the like.

Introduction

The introduction section is written to picture the background of the theme, topic or problem being studied, thus require a lot of precise data, information, opinion, and argument to build up the narration elucidating that the topic examined is greatly essential. The data could be drawn from scientific journals, mass media, expert judgment, and others. The end of the introduction is directed to convey the research urgency, novelty, and points discussed in the manuscript. The followings are some elements to be taken into account in the introduction orderly from the beginning to the end of the introduction.

Reviewing the data, information, opinions, research findings, and reviews of the previous studies relevant to the topic and focus of the manuscript.
Discussing key concepts of the research focus.
Reviewing the research context or focus.
Writing the problem statement or the state of the art.
Conveying the research objective/s in a brief description.

The five fundamental elements should be written systematically and orderly. The first and second points are called literature review and could be written simultaneously, then proceed to review the context or focus of the research, write the fourth point, and finally the fifth point. Below are some of the writing styles and sentences that authors can adapt.

Reviewing data, information, opinions, research findings, and reviews of previous studies relevant to the topic and focus of the manuscript

The discussion of data, information, opinions, and prior studies' findings intends to unveil the current trend and development in a particular discipline, mostly in a specialized sub-discipline related to the examined topics. For example, details concerning school learning such as bullying, student perception, learning motivation, teacher performance, and the like. This review becomes the basis of the state of the art.

Table 6 The Example of Explanation about Data, Information, Opinions, and Prior Studies' Findings at the Beginning of the Introduction

Criteria	Example
Providing data, information, or opinions	The ranking results published by OECD showed that the literacy skills of Indonesian students aged 10 to 15 years old are at a low level (Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development, 2018). Giroux (1997, p. 56) argued that the United States' education is inseparable from racism, discrimination, and social injustice. Based on the publication by the Central Bureau of Statistics/Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), there are 4.292.288 high school students in 2016 (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2016).
Comparing a source with others	A study conducted by Ridlo (2014) revealed that democratic learning is effective in enhancing the quality of the learning process, and the learning outcomes are different compared to Farchanâ€™s (2016) research. If studied further, students and the social context studied by Ridlo and Farchan are dissimilar. ....
Strengthening arguments	In line with the notion, Miarso (2007, p. 120) also stated that educational technology has to be understood as a system involving many educational components to support learning activities and results. The number of college students has increased for the past three years from 2014, 2015, to 2016, this indicated that interest for higher education is soaring (Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, 2017).
Expanding information	Rasyid (2015) discovered that bullying is not only found in schools but also in homes. Ironically, the subject of home bullying is childrenâ€™s closest people.

The review of prior research in the introduction section should not just random, but should be a systematic composition by collecting topic trends or results from previous research in a few paragraphs, then comparing them with other trends from previous research in different paragraphs for instance. Therefore, before writing a review of previous research, the authors require to identify the research topic along with the topic trend and its findings. By making categorization based on topics and findings, it will be easier for authors to formulate research problems and compile the state of the art.

The discussion of previous research is a potential way to raise awareness of the problems or gaps in the theoretical domain of a discipline. Through this review, the authors will be able to identify the topic trend and issues and the prior studyâ€™s findings. As a result, issues emerging around the examined topic, including topics or sub-topics that have or have not been studied previously. This review is a starting point where authors decide to investigate an important topic for their research.

Discussing the Main Concepts of the Research Focus

In the introduction section the author should give clear illustration regarding to the main concepts or theories he/she hold, and the main concept should be the research focus. Good introduction means should contain a clear, concise, and analytic explanation of the main concept. For instance, in such manuscript that study the development of alternative education curriculum, consequently the notion of curriculum, alternative education, and alternative education curriculum should be clearly explained. Thus, it is suggested that the authors refer to the experts in such field of studies in constructing the key concepts, most of their reference works are easily accessible in books and scientific journals.

Table 7 The Example of Sentences Quoting Opinions Regarding the

Key Concepts

Criteria

Example

Providing opinions

Self-regulated learning is a process involving the intended effort of a student to manage complex learning activities in achieving academic goals (Zimmerman & Schunk, 2001)

Referring to the basic concept of educational technology proposed by Miarso (2007), Januszewski & Molenda (2004), and Subkhan (2016), it could be concluded that educational technology is a discipline that discusses...

Table 7 shows several expressions that are frequently used in explaining the key concepts in the introduction section such as referring to, based on, basically and many more which authors can use it properly. Furthermore, the explanation of the main concepts is put before, amid, or after the review of the previous research. The authors must be able to make a comprehensive formula from several sources containing a particular concept.

Reviewing the Research Context or Focus

Writing a research context or focus on the introduction section intends to give an overview to the readers regarding situations, phenomena, events, and specific cases being examined in the manuscript. Context or focus also departs from the review of previous research and shows specificity, uniqueness, even novelty compared to prior studies. In such research such as field studies, the contexts, for example, are in the form of a certain area, population, or a certain sample, which are different from others.

Moreover, what is meant by the focus of the research is a main concern that differ to the previous studies. For example, when researching about homeschooling curriculum the author should focusing on such object or topic that has never been studied before. In other words, it focuses on very specific things that the previous scholars and researcher have not studied it. This focus can also be perceived as a specific research topic. Some writing styles put context or focus after the review of the previous research. However, sometimes authors place it before the review. Both are fine, authors are free to select which one is the most convenient.

Writing the Research Problem or the state of the Art

Research problem comes from the review of the previous research, context or focus. It is in line with the state of the art which shows a gap of knowledge and/or gap of the practice of a phenomenon, context, or focus to be studied. Research problem is an argument indicating that something is very important to be researched, both for the opportunity to develop such field of studies and to solve the problems practically. There are at least 4 (four) important things in formulating the state of the art explained as follows. These four things could be written in one or two brief paragraphs/s.

Revealing the different achievements between the previous research with the current research (topic, context, or focus).
Showing such research opportunity regarding to its essential, interesting and important related to the topic, context and focus.
Expressing the research novelty in terms of context, focus, and dimension.
Conveying the research urgency or theoretical review.

Table 8 The Example of the State of the Art in the Introduction Section

Revealing different achievement between the ongoing and foregoing research (topic, context, or focus), the current research' novelty, and urgency

Studies conducted by Subkhan (2016), Nuryanto (2003), and Rochmat (2012) mainly focused on the ideological dimension of standardized education practices in higher education. Another aspect requiring further investigation related to standardized education is its effect on teaching practices. This is essential as ...

Showing a research opportunity for an essential, interesting study to do

The Indonesian Child Protection Commission indicated that our education cannot be separated from violence. The presented data also unveiled the ongoing violence in school-aged children. Some studies have been carried out, for example, Amar (2012) and Wulandari (2010) investigated the causative factors of brawls occurred in several vocational schools in Jakarta. Further, Nugroho (2003) examined brawls in several vocational schools in Semarang seen from the sociological background.

The three research counted heavily on the sociological review so that the causative factors were obtained. One interesting finding from Nugroho (2003) and Wulandari (2010) unveiled that extreme pride of school has been nurtured by school gangs. Nevertheless, this finding has not described how gangs exist in schools. Knowing the emergence process and the development of school gangs is important as an expansion of insight and consideration for the school community to respond to this phenomenon appropriately. Based on these considerations, the researchers in this article describeâ€¦...

Teachersâ€™ performance that has not improved significantly after they get certification point out that there is a problem in such policy. The underlying factors could come from the teachers and the school environment. Some researchers have investigated the issue, they are Sudiono (2011), Wahzudik (2013), and Wardi (2014). Findings of the three studies showed the causative factors as follows (1) no one intensively escorts and accompanies the teacher in school, (2) the heavy workload is in line with changes in government policies, and (3) does not have the motivation to increase teacher self-capacity.

Based on the research findings, it needs further examination to know whether or not teacher responsibility is overlod so they feel burdened, keeping in mind that work activities will not be optimal if the workload is excessive as stated by Hamzah (2011), Suaedi (2012) and Mahfudz (2014). This article explains whether it is true that teacher workload is excessive ...

Several keywords to write the problem formulation are available in the above examples. These keywords show the existence of reviews, comparisons, and arguments for choosing a topic or research focus. The best tip to compose a rigorous research problem is reading lots of scientific articles published in reputable scientific journals, studying their characteristics, the way how the authors combine the descriptions or narration from the previous research, conduct comparative studies, and then formulate arguments about the urgency of the topic or research focus.

Stating the Research Objective and an Overview of the Manuscript

This part is the last part of the introduction. After arguing about the urgency of the research topic, then authors should convey the research objective and give an overview of the manuscript. The following are some expressions to be adopted in writing the final part of the introduction, which are partially written in the previous Table 8.

Table 9 The Example of Sentences at the End of the Introduction Section

Criteria

Example

Unraveling the research objective

Based on social problems and constraints found around schools, this article describes the school environments especially the phenomenon of selling snacks.

This manuscript exposed the development of Povtoon-based learning media at SDN 1 Sekaran, Gunungpati, and its effectivity in improving the students' learning process and results.

This study critically analyzed the policy of standardized education at colleges, mainly the lesson plan through ISO 9001:2008 which resulted in diversity.

Some of the phrases and/or sentences that can be used by the author include: based on, referring to, in line, in contrary, corroborate (for opinion), in fact, ironically, even so, therefore, thus, and the like. Several examples of these sentences show a certain emphasis, especially on data, information, opinions, which will lead to the conclusions, strengthening opinions, comparison, and leading to the research urgency. As a final note in writing the introduction section, it should be emphasized that not all literature is reviewed or written in the introduction. This can also be placed in the results and discussion section to enrich and deepen the analysis.

METHODS

Describing Methods

This section is written if the manuscript derives from research. It is sufficient to write "Methods", instead of "Research Methods". If the manuscript is written is a literature review, then this part does not need to be written specifically but included in the introduction section. However, if the research focuses on text and/or documents using content analysis and critical discourse analysis approach for example, then the description can be put in this section.

One type of research requiring an explanation of methods is the field research/studies; one that requires field data collection. Several essential things to be included in the methods are below.

Table 10 Things to Write about at the beginning of the Methods Section

Things to write	Example
Research approach	Quantitative, qualitative
Design or research model	Developmental research, action research, research & development (R & D), experimental, comparative, evaluative, etc.
Scope and range	Small (school, family, village), local, regional, cross-regional, large, and national scale
Research duration	Short term (e.g., from May 5 to July 1, 2016), long term (2 years, from 2015 to 2016),
Research site	SD Negeri 1 Selojari, Klambu, Grobogan Regency, Central Java; Mangunsari Village, Gunungpati District, Semarang City, Central Java
Informant (and respondents in a quantitative study since their responses are taken by researchers)	History teachers in grade VII of Junior High School; Mangunsari Village community figures;
Population and sample (for quantitative research)	The population is all students of SD Negeri 1 Selojari, and 50 students were taken randomly as the sample (Convey the sample collection technique. Avoid inserting too many formulas)
Data collection technique	Interview, observation, literature review, including the target and type of data gathered.
Analysis of data validity	Using triangulation technique (qualitative) and statistical equation (quantitative), but do not too focus on the formula
Data analysis technique	Using a critical perspective of social theories, ideological critic (qualitative), statistical formula (quantitative) such as t-test and the like

Novice authors are sometimes lacking in writing those essential elements in the methods section. Thus, the following is an example of writing an explanation of the adopted methods.

Table 11 The Example of a Short Paragraph in the Methods Section

Qualitative

This is a small-scale qualitative study that took place in Public Elementary School/Sekolah Dasar Negeri (SDN) Selojari 1, Selojari Village, Klambu Sub-district, Grobogan Regency. The research duration was relatively short; 6 months from March to August 2016. The research informant consisted of several teachers and VI-grade students. There were five students as informants who were selected based on their social background ... etc.

Quantitative

This is a small-scale quantitative study that took place in Public Elementary School/Sekolah Dasar Negeri (SDN) Selojari 1, Selojari Village, Klambe Sub-district, Grobogan Regency. The research duration was relatively short; 6 months from March to August 2016. The research respondent consisted of several teachers and VI-grade students. The respondents were selected randomly based on ... formula. Finally, the researchers obtained ...

The data collection technique has to be explicitly elucidated, for instance, interview, observation, etc. However, there is no need to explain the concept and theory of the adopted techniques. Furthermore, the data validity formula for a quantitative study is written simultaneously. On the other hand, the accuracy and accountability data for a qualitative study is supported by Triangulation techniques. As for data analysis, the theoretical perspective could be written immediately in qualitative research, while short formula and the reason for using it have to be explained in quantitative research.

Table 12 The Example of a Long Paragraph in the Methods Section

Data for the study were collected through a self-reported online survey. Participants were 1103 undergraduate students in five large General Education courses at a public university in the northeastern United States. In class, course instructors (that included the researchers) directed students to the survey by forwarding an invitation email from the researchers and offered extra credit for participation: 717 usable responses were collected (a 65.0% response rate). The average age of the respondents was 19.5 years. Of all the participants, 71% were female, and 21% were male. The median number of semesters spent at the University was 4, and the average credit load was approximately 17 credits during the academic semester in which these data were collected. Respondents reported spending approximately 7.52 hours (standard deviation = 6.9 hours) per week on total academic reading time (3.74 hours total during weekdays and 7.52 hours total per week). That is, students were spending less than 30 minutes per week per course credit or approximately 1.5 hours per week for a 3-credit course. The study collected data on the major of students. However, that information is not reported or analyzed here. Students were not compensated for responding to the survey.

The example in Table 12 was excerpted from an article by Sharma, van Hoof, and Ramsay (2017) entitled â€œThe influence of time on the decision that students make about their academic readingâ€, Active learning in Higher Education, 20(10), 81-82. The following table provides a more specific example in writing data analysis as a part of the methods section taken from the same reference, page 82.

Table 13 Outlining Data Analysis in the Methods Section

Responses to Likert-type questions (Boone and Boone, 2012) were individually analyzed and not combined with other responses to create composite scores. Data were analyzed using a combination of statistical techniques, and demographic variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Multiple linear regression and ordinal logistic regression methods were used to conduct the appropriate analyses. Variables were chosen for multiple linear regressions only if underlying measures were on interval or ratio scales (Spanos, 1999). All other variables were analyzed using ordinal logistic regression, suitable for interval scale data (Agresti, 1990). Multiple regression calculations and a series of ordered logit regression analyses were conducted to analyze the data. These analyses all used "completion of reading course texts that students had been asked to read" as the dependent variable and various independent variables that captured the students' opinions about their reading of texts, incentives to read, the timing of reading, and perceived reading support issues.

Describing the Research Instrument

The research instrument is immensely vital and required as a research manual especially for a quantitative study. It is a guide for researchers in collecting data and analyzing it appropriately. The research instrument contains criteria or indicators based on certain theories. For example, in a study that seeks to determine informants' assessment toward certain policies, researchers can use a scaling technique in which each informant can select a specific score describing his assessment. The criteria and indicators can be manifested in the form of statements or questions that will be able to extract data accurately.

The types of instruments, criteria, indicators, and even the theoretical basis need to be described in the methods section, the aim of which is to provide a clear picture for readers about the theoretical-scientific basis of the research carried out. Describing the instruments used is a way of convincing readers that the research is clear and has a strong theoretical basis. Below are some examples of instrument descriptions.

Table 14 The Example of Methods Section in a Qualitative Research

In this qualitative study, we have combined different approaches. This choice reflects the complexity of the topic, as our wish is to explore different perspectives, and possibly draw a picture of an essential part of ECTE work-based education at OAUC. The work is based on a text-analysis of policy documents and program plans, 10 focus-group interviews with teachers, students, coordinators, and staff management, 4 observations of field classes, and 1 questionnaire answered anonymously by 23 students in the fourth term. All teachers involved in our work-based education and all students in the two selected classes were invited to partake in the study. The empirical material consists of a random sample of students (in two different classes) and teachers. Members of staff management in kindergartens were selected because of their positions in kindergartens of the students interviewed.

In this article, we present results from the questionnaire and two focus-group interviews, one with students and one with staff managers.

The questionnaire consisted of 13 questions relating to 4 main themes: Knowledge, learning environments, roles, and loops of learning. Interviews and answers have been transcribed and analyzed using category analysis (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). The answers were grouped by topics generated through individual readings and common discussions of analysis. In this analysis, we have concentrated on students' experiences and possible emerging patterns. The aim has been to study differences and patterns in some students' experiences and opinions as regards the workplace as a learning environment. As a relatively small qualitative study, it has clear limitations. However, we find it useful to shed light on a fundamental issue in work-based learning â€“ not only in ECTE but in education in general: The common challenge of the educational institution and workplace to support students' learning at work.

Table 14 is a part of the method explanation taken from an article by Kaarby and Lindboe (2016) entitled "The Workplace as Learning Environment in Early Childhood Teacher Education: An Investigation of Work-Based Education" published in Higher Education Pedagogies, 1 ( 1), 107-108. In this example, there has been provided a complete description of the research approach, the instruments used, the theoretical basis of the analysis, and the technical operational analysis.

Table 15 The Example of Instrument Description for a Quantitative Research

The survey was created on the Survey MonkeyÂ© platform. Researchers representing expertise in psychology, education, teaching scholarship, and teaching and learning technologies developed the survey. Two main constructs guided the development of the survey: (1) self-rationing of time and (2) academic and nonacademic activities.

Completion of course reading texts were used as a proxy for the amount of reading that students claimed to have done and was measured on a 4-point Likert-type qualitative response scale (never, rarely, most of the time, and always). Time allocated to reading was measured by the number of reading hours per week and the respondents' self-reported time spent on reading texts per week, during weekdays, on Saturday or Sunday. Responses were summed and reported as total academic reading time in hours per week.

How efficiently they used their time was measured by self-reported responses to seven different questions that addressed the timing of their reading (Sappington et al., 2002) and whether students thought they managed their time well (Britton and Tesser, 1991). The allocation of their time was defined as a descriptive construct rather than an objective outcome. Since distractions impact decision-making among individuals, the survey also included questions on the students' level of involvement in other academic and nonacademic activities. Students were asked about the time they spent on academic and nonacademic activities (Lotkowski et al., 2004; Pascarella et al., 2004; Reason et al., 2006). Other variables of interest included demographic information about the respondents such as age, gender, nationality, and grade point average (GPA). These variables were included based on evidence from research that shows age and gender (Parault and Williams, 2010; Zhang and Ma, 2011) are associated with reading behavior, and GPA as a proxy of achievement is associated with cognitive task performance including reading (Trainin and Swanson, 2005).

The above Table 15 shows an example of instrument description taken from an article by Sharma, van Hoof, dan Ramsay (2017) entitled â€œThe Influence of Time on the Decision that Students Make about Their Academic Readingâ€, Active learning in Higher Education, 20(10), 82.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Systematics and Writing Style

The results and discussion section should directly answer the research question. Hence, it must be based on the research findings. If the manuscript is directed to answer or discuss one (or two) issue, then the discussion should be sufficiently focused on it without expanding into another nondescript discussion. The results and discussion can also be written following the flow of the research stages. The example is as follows.

Table 16 The Systematics of Writing in the Results and Discussion Section

Example 1: For media development research using the ADDIE model

A. Analysis

B. Design

C. Development

D. Implementation

E. Evaluation

F. Constraints and discussion (part of the discussion & reflection section)

Example 2: For media development research using Research & Development (R&D) model/method

A. Data

B. Planning and Design

C. Developing prototype

D. Limited field trial

E. Field (large-scale) trial

F. Product Improvements

G. Dissemination

Example 3: The Supporting Factors of Post-Certification Teacher Performance Improvement (For evaluation researchâ€”directly to the findings ...)

A. School Environment and Carrying Capacity

B. Teacher Motivation in Improving Self-Capacity

C. Government Regulation in Improving Self-Capacity

Example 4: Standardization of Lecture Tools in Universities Using the ISO 9001:2008

A. Diverse Understandings about ISO 9001:2008-Standardized Lecture Tools

B. Variety of Lecture Tool Formats

C. The Logic Incompatibility of the Standardization Using ISO 9001: 2008 with the Constructivist and Postmodern Educational Paradigm

Example 5: The Development of Blended Learning in SMAN 1 Grobogan, Purwodadi

A. The Design of Blended Learning

B. The Quality of Blended Learning Application

C. Learning Process with Blended Learning

D. Studentsâ€™ Learning Results Using Blended Learning

E. Constraints and Further Potential of Blended Learning

Example 6: The Influence of Teacher Perspective towards Blended Learning on Studentsâ€™ Learning Process and Results

A. Results

B. Discussion

The example previously provides two developmental studies using the ADDIE and R&D, in which the systematics of writing has been set according to the established steps of the respective method. On the other hand, non-developmental research tends to be written based on the findings to answer the proposed research questions.

Even so, authors sometimes put the results and discussion separately (see the last example). The results section only reveals the findings as such without any analysis, while the discussion focuses on explaining the analysis of findings provided upfront. This kind of style is usually found in a quantitative study. The qualitative research, adversely, rarely divide those sections but merge into one fine narration or description based on the findings to answer the research questions. The analysis is carried out all at once in its presentation without being separated into two sections.

Results and Discussion

Authors should not only put the research findings but analyze them. The most common ways are by:

comparing the research findings with other studies, data, or information,
analyzing the research findings using a particular theory, paradigm, or perspective, and
formulating a certain theory based on the findings (theoretical abstraction).

The comparison to other similar studies would strengthen the research findings and at the same time enrich the information.

For example, the researchers found that the learning outcomes using blended learning in class XI students of SMAN 1 Grobogan showed better changes than before. Researchers can then compare with similar research in other classes and other schools, including from different levels, whether the results show changes for the better or not. This includes things other than blended learning factors that can also improve learning outcomes but are not the focus of this research. This comparison analysis with the results of other studies will enrich and convince readers about the research findings.

Analyzing the research finding using a particular theory or paradigmatic perspective, for example using macro, meso, or micro theories, including socio-humanities which are more fluid and non-standard in nature. In the field of education studies, for instance, Piaget's theory of children's cognitive development, constructivism learning theory, Frankfrut's critical theory is used to critically analyze such social phenomenon and the like. Give an example, research findings on the causative factors of brawls in vocational students are analyzed using social identity and social groups theories. Another example is the findings regarding the school environment concerning teacher performance, which is analyzed using suc theories about motivation and social reproduction.

Meanwhile, theoretical abstraction or formulating a theory based on the research results covers either macro theory, that is general in nature and able to explain many things in various contexts, or meso as well as micro theory which tends to elucidate such contextual matters. Nevertheless, theoretical abstraction is mostly carried out by inductive research and mostly qualitative research approach. Research based on deductive logic is also possible to generate or formulating a theory, especially in experimental research. Theoretical abstraction is written by identifying the relationship between research variables, especially its role, function, position, intensity, process, and influence. Theoretical abstraction is directed to be able to explain what happens, why it happens, and how a certain phenomenon occurs logically, systematically, critically, comprehensively, deeply, and fundamentally.

Table 17 The Example of Analysis in the Results and Discussion Section

Comparing to another study

The data are in line with Ahmadâ€™s (2013) findings in X grade that blended learning has been proven to enhance student learning outcomes. On the other hand, ...

Using a particular theory or paradigm

Seen from the theory of social reproduction (Bourdieu, 1993), the phenomenon is basically ...

Formulating a certain theory

Based on the data obtained, student-student daily interactions are more significant in shaping their mindset and characters than training or character learning in the classroom. The reason underlies this claim is â€¦â€¦

CONCLUTION

The conclusion section is the answer to the research questions that have been proposed and deliberated about in the discussion. The conclusion is written in paragraphs and not described numerically. The author can put such suggestions for the further discussion and research as well as giving some policy recommendations and etc. The conclusion should be written briefly, concisely, and straightforwardly.

Table 18 The Example of Conclusion

Overall, this study revealed that the majority of students in Canadian high schools held positive attitudes about using peerScholar, an online peer-assessment tool. This was true even though the students completed various types of assignments with different rubrics and requirements (which was a limitation of this study). Nevertheless, the current findings are the first to highlight that using peerScholar within the K-12 school system was associated with positive student attitudes. This was also the first study in which peerScholar was used to examine attitudes toward formative assessment assignments.

â€¦.

In sum, it is important to continually survey student attitudes to ensure that students are engaged with, and hopefully learning from, online peer-assessment processes. Future studies of peerScholar should focus on some of the following empirical questions. How do peer-assessment assignments differ from traditional, non-peer-assessment based assignments with respect to student learning? What type of feedback is most helpful for the development of critical thought in high-school students? How long should an assignment last to be effective and enjoyable? And does a peer-assessment assignment lead to higher student engagement and more positive attitudes towards learning compared to a traditional assignment? Until then, in light of our findings, we encourage educators to implement online peer-assessment in their teaching and learning practices so that our middle- and high-school students can have a positive, enjoyable peer-enhanced educational experience.

Table 18 is an example of the conclusion part taken from an article by Cillimore, Pare, dan Joordens (2015) entitled â€œSWDYT: So What Do You Think? Canadian studentsâ€™ attitudes about peerScholar, an online peer-assessment tool, Learning Environment Research, 18, 42-43.

Acknowledgments

After the conclusion section the author could add the acknowledgement information in order to give some important statement related to the research and manuscript. For example, explain about the previous version of the manuscript that has been presented at a certain academic event (seminar, conference, symposium), say thanks to the institution who gave such funding for the research, or also just say thank-you for some peoples who helped the research or the writing process of manuscript. It is not allowed to write a thank you to the thesis or dissertation supervisor (for manuscripts written based on thesis or dissertation), also, those whose name is included as the authors.

Table 19 The Example of Acknowledgments

Criteria	Example
Institution	Thanks to the Center for Policy Research, Ministry of Education and Culture, Research and Development Agency, and the Ministry of Education and Culture for fully supporting the implementation of this research.
Personal	We thank Ali Formen for his comments and discussion in the writing of the initial draft of this article.
Authorâ€™s note	An earlier version of the article was presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association in 2008
Funding	The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The research reported in this article was made possible, in part, by a grant from the National Academy of Education/Spencer Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship (Advanced Research Studies No. 200100304) to the Center for Social Organization of Schools and Department of Sociology at the Johns Hopkins University. Additional support came from grants from the American Sociological Association Fund for the Advancement of the Discipline, the Poverty & Race Research Action Council, and Syracuse University. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of any grant.

References

References show the quality of a manuscript seen from the referred articles' publication, whether they are published in reputable journals or not. Moreover, the relevancy of books and other sources is also taken into account. Several requirements for reference writing in IJCETS are as follows.

Make sure that each source included in the reference list has been cited in the body of the article and vice versa. Do not add any source which cannot be found in the article, hence, it is suggested that authors use the reference manager, mainly Mendeley.
The number of references follows the needs to strengthen the background and analysis/discussion by pointing out to reliable sources.
Eighty percent of the references should come from the primary sources of scientific journals, the rest (20%) are taken from textbooks and others.
The writing style generally adopts the APA Style.
References are arranged alphabetically (A-Z) with the following layout as shown in Table 20 and the IJCETS template.

The followings are some examples of reference writing based on the type of source being referred to. Some of which are taken from the Purdue Online Writing Lab (https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html)

Table 20 The Example of References Writing

Criteria	Example
	Government Regulations
A Government Regulation	Pemerintah Republik Indonesia (2012) Undang-undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2012 tentang Pendidikan Tinggi. Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia.
A Ministerial Decree	Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi. (2017). Peraturan Menteri Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi Nomor 5 Tahun 2017 tentang Standar Pendidikan Guru. Kemristek Dikti.
	Periodic Publication
An academic article published based on volume	Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.
An academic article published based on volume and number	Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5-13.
An academic article with DOI	Baniya, S., & Weech, S. (2019). Data and experience design: Negotiating community-oriented digital research with service-learning. Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement, 6(1), 11â€“16. https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284316979
An academic article taken from the internet and has no DOI, then include the URL	Denny, H., Nordlof, J., & Salem, L. (2018). "Tell me exactly what it was that I was doing that was so bad": Understanding the needs and expectations of working-class students in writing centers. Writing Center Journal, 37(1), 67â€“98. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26537363
An article in the magazine	Peterzell, J. (1990, April). Better late than never. Time, 135(17), 20â€“21.
An article in a daily newspaper	Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today, 1A, 2A.
A letter to the editor	Moller, G. (2002, August). Ripples versus rumbles [Letter to the editor]. Scientific American, 287(2), 12.
A book review published in a scientific journal	Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero under control, by R. A. Wicklund & M. Eckert]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467.
	Books
A collection of writings	Leitch, M. G., & Rushton, C. J. (Eds.). (2019). A new companion to Malory. D. S. Brewer.
An edited book with a description of the chapter author	Darling-Hammond, L. (2010). Constructing 21st-Century Teacher Education. In V. Hill-Jackson & C. W. Lewis (Eds.), Transforming Teacher Education: What Went Wrong with Teacher Training, and How We Can Fix It (pp. 233â€“247). Stylus.
A book with a single author	Apple, M. W. (2004). Ideology and Curriculum (3rd ed.). RoutledgeFalmer.
A book with two to three authors	Dick, W., Carey, L., & Carey, J. O. (2005). The Systematic Design of Instruction (6th ed.). Pearson.
A book with a single author that is a result of other's edit	Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals. KI. V. Kukil, Ed.). Anchor.
A translated book	Ricklefs, M. C. (2005). Sejarah Indonesia Modern: 1200-2004 (S. Wahono, B. Bilfagih, H. Huda, M. Helmi, J. Sutrisno, & H. Manadi (Trans.)). Serambi. Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1814)
A second (and so on) edition book	Belcher, W. (2019). Writing your journal article in twelve weeks: A guide to academic publishing success (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
A book in volumes	Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of the history of ideas (Vols. 1-4). Scribner's.
	*Other print outs*
Encyclopedia, dictionary, thesaurus	Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The New Encyclopedia Britannica. (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Encyclopedia Britannica. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. (1997). Goat. In Merriam Websterâ€™s collegiate dictionary (10^th ed., pp. 499-500). Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.
An entry in Encyclopedia, dictionary, thesaurus	Tatum, S. R. (2009). Spirituality and religion in hip hop literature and culture. In T. L. Stanley, Encyclopedia of hip hop literature (pp. 250-252). Greenwood. KerÓ“nen, L. (2014). Biopreparedness and biosecurity. In T. L. Thompson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of health communication (Vol. 1, pp. 113-116). SAGE Reference.
An abstract dissertation	Yoshida, Y. (2001). Essays in urban transportation. Dissertation Abstracts International, 62, 7741A.
An abstract of a scientific article (accessed online)	Paterson, P. (2008). How well do young offenders with Asperger Syndrome cope in custody?: Two prison case studies [Abstract]. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36(1), 54-58. Hendricks, J., Applebaum, R., & Kunkel, S. (2010). A world apart? Bridging the gap between theory and applied social gerontology. Gerontologist, 50(3), 284-293. Abstract retrieved from Abstracts in Social Gerontology database. (Accession No. 50360869)
Published dissertation (if the publication is not in the database, then include the URL)	Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation/Masterâ€™s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree]. Database or Archive Name. Angeli, E. L. (2012). Networks of communication in emergency medical services (Publication No. 3544643) [Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
Unpublished dissertation	Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation/masterâ€™s thesis]. Name of Institution Awarding the Degree. Samson, J. M. (2016). Human trafficking and globalization [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Manuscript prepared for publication	Glass, A. (2019). How avocados changed America [Manuscript in preparation]. Department of Sociology, Michigan State University.
Proceeding. Include URL if available	Schnase, J. L., & Cunnius, E. L. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings from CSCL '95: The First International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning. Erlbaum. Huang, S., Pierce, R., & Stamey, J. (Eds.). (2006). Proceedings of the 24^th annual ACM international conference on the design of communication. ACM Digital Library. https://dl.acm.org/doi/proceedings/10.1145/1166324
A report from an organization	United States Government Accountability Office. (2019). Performance and accountability report: Fiscal year 2019. https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/702715.pdf
A report written by a member of an organization	Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of report. Organization Name. URL. Palanker, D., Volk, J., Lucia, K., & Thomas, K. (2018). Mental health parity at risk: Deregulating the individual market and the impact on mental health coverage. National Alliance on Mental Illness. https://www.nami.org/About-NAMI/Publications-Reports/Public-Policy-Reports/Parity-at-Risk/ParityatRisk.pdf
	Digital Sources
One author with the article title and media name	Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01
If written collectively or under an organization and published on the same website, remove the description of the website	Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). Justice served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting victims. https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-40-dogfighting-victims
If the authors are not included and the content is editable, for example, the Wiki	Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL Tuscan white bean pasta. (2018, February 25). Budgetbytes. Retrieved March 18, 2020, from https://www.budgetbytes.com/tuscan-white-bean-pasta/
Wikipedia	Title of article. (Year, Month Date). In Wikipedia. URL of archived version of page Quantum mechanics. (2019, November 19). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_mechanics&oldid=948476810
If the publication date is not available	Author or Group name. (n.d.). Title of page. Site name (if applicable). URL National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Mental health conditions. https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions
An article published in a mass media	Richards, C. (2019, December 9). Best music of 2019: Lana Del Rey sings lullabies about the end of America. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/best-music-of-2019-lana-del-rey-sings-lullabies-about-the-end-of-america/2019/12/06/6e82c5ec-15d8-11ea-a659-7d69641c6ff7_story.html
If the article is published not by the mass media	Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Name of publishing website. URL Jones, J. (2020, May 10). Why flats dominate Spain's housing market. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200506-why-do-flats-dominate-spains-housing-market
News from online mass media without a clear author's name	Unnes Jalin Kerja Sama dengan MSU. (2014, 2 April). Suara Merdeka. http://berita.suaramerdeka.com/unnes-jalin-kerja-sama-dengan-msu/
An electronic book that can be accessed freely, write "Downloaded from". If paid, write "Available on"	De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). Taytayâ€™s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html Davis, J. (n.d.). Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest. Available from http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio? inkey=1-9780931686108-0
A digital formatted book, for example, Kindle products	Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. URL Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book [eBook edition]. Publisher. URL Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book (N. Narrator, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Publisher. URL (if applicable)
A book review in the interview	Zacharek, S. (2008, April 27). Natural women [Review of the book Girls like us]. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/books/review/Zachareck-t.html?pagewanted=2 Castle, G. (2007). New millennial Joyce [Review of the books Twenty-first Joyce, Joyce's critics: Transitions in reading and culture, and Joyce's messianism: Dante, negative existence, and the messianic self]. Modern Fiction Studies, 50(1), 163-173. Available from Project MUSE Web site: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/modern_fiction_studies/toc/mfs52.1.html McKinley, A. (2018). [Review of the book Criminal investigative failures, by D. K. Rossmo]. Salus Journal, 6(1), 82-84.
Encyclopedia and online dictionary	Feminism. (n.d.). In EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica online. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/724633/feminism Beck, J., & Foley, D. (2015). Music composition. In The Canadian encyclopedia. Retrieved January 20, 2020, from https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/music-composition Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Plagiarism. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved January 18, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plagiarism
Bibliography or online annotation	JÃ¼rgens, R. (2005). HIV/AIDS and HCV in Prisons: A Select Annotated Bibliography. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/alt_formats/hpb-dgps/pdf/intactiv/hiv-vih-aids-sida-prison-carceral_e.pdf
Data files obtained online	United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2008). Indiana income limits [Data file]. http://www.huduser.org/Datasets/IL/IL08/in_fy2008.pdf
Online graphic illustration	HatchMed. (2017). 8 ways to improve patient satisfaction [Infographic]. HatchMed.com. https://www.hatchmed.com/blog/2017/1/30/8-ways-to-improve-patient-satisfaction Google. (n.d.). [Google Map of Purdue University]. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://www.google.com/maps/@40.4237095,-86.9233886,17z
The results of audio interview uploaded in the internet (interviewee is written as writer)	Paynter, W. (1970, September 17). Interview with Will Paynter [Interview]. Studs Terkel Radio Archive; The Chicago History Museum. https://studsterkel.wfmt.com/programs/interview-will-paynter
Slide and online lecturE	Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of presentation [Lecture notes, PowerPoint slides, etc]. Publisher. URL Smith, C. (2017, October 13). AI and machine learning demystified [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/carologic/ai-and-machine-learning-demystified-by-carol-smith-at-midwest-ux-2017
A presentation without online source	Contributor, A. A., Contributor, B. B., Contributor, C. C., & Contributor, D. D. (Year, Month Day). Title of contribution [Description of contribution]. Title of Symposium/Conference, Location. Matson, E. (2018, Nov. 5). Drones and autonomous vehicles: The latest new technology to come with potential threat [Conference session]. Dawn or Doom 2018 Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
Presentation with online source	Contributor, A. A., Contributor, B. B., Contributor, C. C., & Contributor, D. D. (Year, Month Day). Title of contribution [Description of contribution]. Title of Symposium/Conference, Location. URL Bailey, C. (2019, April 5). How to get your brain to focus [Address]. TEDxManchester, Manchester, U.K. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hu4Yvq-g7_Y
An individual presentation in symposium or big panel	Contributor, A. A., Contributor, B. B., Contributor, C. C., & Contributor, D. D. (Year, Month Day). Title of contribution. In E. E. Chairperson & F. F. Chairperson (Chairs), Title of larger symposium/panel [Description of symposium/panel] Title of symposium/conference, Location. URL if available Fabian, J. J. (2020, May 14). UX in free educational content. In J. S. Doe (Chair), The case of the Purdue OWL: Accessibility and online content development [Panel presentation] Computers and Writing 2020, Greenville, NC, United States.
A downloaded software	Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (Year). Title of software (Version No.). Publisher. URL Maplesoft. (2019). Maple companion (Version 2.1.0). Cybernet Systems Co. https://www.maplesoft.com/products/MapleCompanion/
Online discussion	Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of post [Online forum post]. Publisher. URL Stine, R. L. [RL__Stine]. (2013, October 23). Iâ€™m R.L. Stine and itâ€™s my job to terrify kids. Ask me anything! [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1p32dl/
Tweet	Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words[Tweet]. Site Name. URL National Geographic [@NatGeo]. (2020, January 12). Scientists knew African grays are clever, but now theyâ€™ve been documented assisting other members of their speciesâ€”even strangers [Tweet; thumbnail link to article]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/NatGeo/status/1216346352063537154
Twitter profile	Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL MLA Style [@mlastyle]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://twitter.com/mlastyle
Facebook post	Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL U.S. Department of the Interior. (2020, January 10). Like frosting on a cake, snow coats and clings to the hoodoos at Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/USInterior/photos/a.155163054537384/2586475451406120/?type=3&theater
Facebook page	Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL Little River Canyon National Preserve (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved January 12, 2020 from https://www.facebook.com/lirinps/
Instagram video or photo	Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL BBC [@bbc]. (2020, January 12). Skywatchers have been treated to the first full moon of 2020-known as a â€œwolf moonâ€-at the same time as a [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B7OkWqbBwcf/
Weblog	Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of post. Publisher. URL Axelrod, A. (2019, August 11). A century later: The Treaty of Versailles and its rejection of racial equality. Code Switch, NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/742293305/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality
YouTube video or others	Last Name, F. M. [Username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of video [Video]. Streaming Service. URL Lushi, K. [Korab Lushi]. (2016, July 3). Albatross culture 1 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_AMrJRQDPjk&t=148s
Tedtalk	Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of talk [Video]. TED. URL Al-Mutawa, N. (2010, July). Superheroes inspired by Islam [Video]. TED. https://www.ted.com/talks/naif_al_mutawa_superheroes_inspired_by_islam#t-4909
Podcast	Host, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Date). Title of episode (No. if provided) [Audio podcast episode]. In Name of podcast. Publisher. URL Prime, K. (Host). (2019, March 29). For whom the cowbell tolls [Audio podcast episode]. In Radiolab. WNYC Studios. https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/whom-cowbell-tolls Executive Producer, E. P. (Executive Producer). (Range of publication). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Production company. URL Bae, P. (Executive Producer). (2017-present). The big loop [Audio podcast]. QRX. https://www.thebiglooppodcast.com/
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A film that could only be watched in a certain place	Harris, M. (Producer), & Turley, M. J. (Director). (2002). Writing labs: A history [Motion picture]. (Available from Purdue University Pictures, 500 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907)
A serial broadcasted in television	Executive Producer, P. P. (Executive Producer). (Date range of release). Title of series [TV series]. Production company(s). Sherman-Palladino, A., Palladino, D. (Executive Producers). (2017-present). The marvelous Mrs. Maisel [TV series]. Dorothy Parker Drank Here Productions; Picrow, Amazon Studios.
A particular episode of a television serial	Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Original air date). Title of episode (Season number, Episode number) [Tv series episode]. In P. Executive Producer (Executive Producer), Series title. Production company(s). Korsh, A. (Writer & Director). (2019, September 25). One last con (Season 9, Episode 10) [TV series episode]. In D. Liman & D. Bartis (Executive Producers), Suits. Untitled Korsh Company; Universal Content Productions; Open 4 Business Productions.
Television broadcast	Important, I. M. (Producer). (1990, November 1). The nightly news hour [Television broadcast]. Central Broadcasting Service.
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Music recording	Recording artist. (Year of release). Title of album [Album]. Record label. The National. (2019). I am easy to find [Album]. 4AD.
Single song or track	Recording artist. (Year of release). Title of song [Song]. On Title of album [Album]. Record label. Dacus, L. (2018). Night shift [Song]. On Historian [Album]. Matador Records.

GENERAL REQUIREMENT

Types and Characters of Manuscript

CITATION AND ILLUSTRATION

INTRODUCTION

METHODS

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUTION

We thank Ali Formen for his comments and discussion in the writing of the initial draft of this article.

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National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Mental health conditions. https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions

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Jones, J. (2020, May 10). Why flats dominate Spain's housing market. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200506-why-do-flats-dominate-spains-housing-market

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De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). Taytayâ€™s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html

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**Other print outs**

Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. (1997). Goat. In Merriam Websterâ€™s collegiate dictionary (10^th ed., pp. 499-500). Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.

Huang, S., Pierce, R., & Stamey, J. (Eds.). (2006). Proceedings of the 24^th annual ACM international conference on the design of communication. ACM Digital Library. https://dl.acm.org/doi/proceedings/10.1145/1166324

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