Strengthening Model Based on Responsibility to the Election Supervisory Body's Authority in Handling Money Politics to Realize Elections with Integrity
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Published
Nov 24, 2018
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Abstract
This research formulates a reinforcement model based on responsibility towards the authority of the Election Supervisory Board (Bawaslu) in handling money politics. The formulation of this model is important for realizing elections with integrity. Based on the strengthening of Bawaslu through legislative reforms, there is hope for the prevention of money politics in legislative elections, because the body carries out prevention and enforcement with the authority to decide upon disputes in the electoral process and administrative violations, as well as institutionally to exercise such authority, to be strengthened by the strengthening of Election Supervisors at the level of the Election Regency / City becomes Regency / City Bawaslu. By using an understanding of organizational behavior, the reinforcement model based on responsibility will rely on interpersonal relationships, information transfer, and decision making.
Article Details
How to Cite
Isharyanto, I., & Madalina, M. (2018). Strengthening Model Based on Responsibility to the Election Supervisory Body’s Authority in Handling Money Politics to Realize Elections with Integrity. Law Research Review Quarterly, 4(4), 1043-1068. https://doi.org/10.15294/snh.v4i03.27108
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
All writings published in this journal are personal views of the authors and do not represent the views of this journal and the author's affiliated institutions. Author(s) are retain the copyrights of the Article. However, before publishing, it is required to obtain written confirmation from Author(s) in order to ensure the originality (Author Statement of Originality). The statement is to be signed by at least one of the authors who have obtained the assent of the co-author(s) where applicable.This work licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
References
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Balán, M., 2011. Competition by denunciation: The political dynamics of corruption scandals in Argentina and Chile. Comparative Politics , 43(4), p. 459–478.
Barber, B., 2003. Strong democracy. Barkeley: University of California Press.
Basinger, S. J., 2013. Scandals and congressional elections in the post-Watergate era. Political Research Quarterly, 66(2), pp. 385-398.
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Boggild, T. & Pedersen, H. H., 2018. Campaigning on behalf of the party? Party constraints on candidate campaign personalisation. European Journal of Political Research, 57(4), pp. 883-899.
Bonotti, M., 2012. Partisanship, conflicting obligations and the duty of fair play. Unpublished manuscript.
Booth, E. & Robbins, J., 2010. Assessing the Impact of Campaign Finance on Party System Institutionalization. Party Politics, 16(5), pp. 629-650.
Briscoe, I. & Goff, D., 2016. Deterring the Influence of Organized Crime. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance .
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C.Witko, 2007. Explaining increases in the stringency of state campaign finance regulation. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 7(4), p. 369–393.
Calland, R., 2016. South Africa. In: P. Norris & A. A. v. Es, eds. Checkbook Elections?: Political Finance in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 152.
Carlson, M. & Turner, M., 2008. Public Support for Democratic Governance in Southeast Asia. Asian Journal of Political Science , 16(3), pp. 219-239.
Casas-Zamora, K., 2005. Paying For Democracy: Political Finance And State Funding For Parties. Colchester: ECPR Press.
Casas-Zamora, K., 2013. Dangerous Liaisons: Organized Crime and Political Finance in Latin America and Beyond. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press.
Cheung, A. B. & Jones, D. S., 2013. Procurement reform in the Philippines: the impact of elite capture and informal bureaucracy. International Journal of Public Sector Management , 26(5), pp. 375-400.
Colazingari, S., 1999. Parties and Corruption in Latin America. Working Paper written for the conference on Political Corruption and Parties, 18-20 Maret.
Della Porta, D., 2004. Political parties and corruption: Ten hypotheses on five vicious circles. Crime, Law and Social Change, 42(1), pp. 35-60.
Della Porta, D. & Vannucci, A., 1999. Corrupt exchanges: Actors, resources, and mechanisms of political corruption.. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Downes, D., 2012. What the Next Government Should do About Crime. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 36(1).
Evertsson, N., 2013. Political corruption and electoral funding: a cross-national analysis. International Criminal Justice Review , 23(1), pp. 75-94.
Fionna, U., 2011. The Pull and Push between Central and Local Political Parties: A Case Study of Party Branch Organisation in Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 33(2), pp. 143-162.
G.Tsebelis, 2002. Veto Players: How Institutions Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gallo, Z., 2017. The constitution of political membership’: Punishment, political membership, and the Italian case. Theoretical Criminology, 21(4), pp. 458-477.
Gerber, A., 1998. Spending on Senate election outcomes using instrumental variables. American Political Science Review , 92(2), pp. 401-411.
Gokcekus, O. & Sonan, S., 2017. Political contributions and corruption in the United States. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 20(4), pp. 340-362.
Gomes, E., 2010. Financing politics in Malaysia. In: A. Butler, ed. Paying for Politics: Party Funding and Political Change in South Africa and the Global South. Auckland Park: Jacana Media.
Green, D. P. & Krasno, J. S., 1988. Salvation for the spendthrift incumbent: Reestimating the effects of campaign spending in House elections. American Journal of Political Science, 32(4), pp. 884-907.
Green, K., ed., 2010. Party finance and single-party dominance in Mexico and Beyond. In: Paying for Politics: Party Funding and Political Change in South Africa and the Global South. Auckland Park: Jacana Media: Jacana Media, pp. 20-52.
Heidenheimer, A., 1999. Party Finance and Political Corruption in Historical Perspectives. Work-ing Paper written for the conference on Political Corruption and Parties, 18-20 Maret.
Hikmawati, P., 2018. Perlukah Pembentukan Satgas Politik Uang. Info Singkat, 10(1), pp. 1-6.
Hofnung, M., 2008. Unaccounted Competition: The Finance of Intra-Party Elections. Party Politics, 14(6), pp. 726-744.
Hopkin, J., 2004. The problem with party finance: Theoretical perspectives on the funding of party politics. Party politics , 10(6), pp. 627-651.
Hopkins, J., 1996. Political Entrepreneurs and Political Corruption: The Party as Business Firm. s.l., University of Salford.
Huang, F. & Rice, J., 2012. Firm Networking and Bribery in China: Assessing Some Potential Negative Consequences of Firm Openness. ournal of Business Ethics , 107(4), pp. 533-545.
Hunter, W., 2007. The nationalization of an anomaly: The Workers’ Party in Brazil. World Politics , 59(3), pp. 440-475.
Hutchcroft, P. & Rocomora, J., 2003. Strong demands and weak institutions: The origins and evolution of the democratic deficit in the Philippines. Journal of East Asian Studies , 3(2), p. 259–292.
J.W.Kingdon, 1984. Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policy. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co.
Johnston, M., 1999. Party systems, Competition and Political Checks Against Corruption. Working Paper written for the conference on Political Corruption and Parties, 18-20 Maret.
Katz, R. & Crotty, W., 2006. Handbook of Party Politics. London: Sage Publications.
Katz, R. & Mair, P., 1995. Changing models of party organization and party democracy: The emergence of the cartel party. Party Politics , 1(1), p. 525–534.
Kimya, F., 2018. Political economy of corruption in Turkey: declining petty corruption, rise of cronyism?. Turkish Studies.
Kitschelt, H., 2000. Citizens, politicians, and party cartelization: Political representation and state failure in post-industrial democracies. European Journal of Political Research , 37(2), p. 149–179.
Kopecký, P., 2011. Political Competition and Party Patronage: Public Appointments in Ghana and South Africa. Political Studies, 59(3), pp. 713-732.
Kraft, J., 2018. Political parties and public investments: a comparative analysis of 22 Western democracies. West European Politics, 41(1), pp. 128-146.
Kumolo, T., 2015. Politik Hukum Pilkada Serentak. Bandung: Mizan Publika.
Kumorotomo, W., 2009. Intervensi Parpol, Politik Uang Dan Korupsi: Tantangan Kebijakan Publik Setelah Pilkada Langsung. Surabaya.
La Raja, R. J., 2014. Money in the 2014 Congressional Elections: Institutionalizing a Broken Regulatory System. The Forum, 12(4).
Levitt, S. D., 1994. Using repeat challengers to estimate the effect of campaign spending on election outcomes in the US House. Journal of Political Economy , 102(4), pp. 777-798.
Loader, I. & Sparks, R., 2016. Ideologies and crime: political ideas and the dynamics of crime control. Global Crime, 17(3-4), pp. 314-330.
Machin, D. J., 2017. Political Legitimacy, the Egalitarian Challenge, and Democracy. Journal Apllied Philosophy, 29(2).
Mayer, K., Werner, T. & Williams, A., 2006. Do public funding programs enhance electoral competition? Paper presented at the Annual Conference on State Politics and Policy Laboratories of Democracy: Public Policy in the American States. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University.
McMenamin, I., 2012. If money talks, what does it say? Varieties of capitalism and business financing of parties. World Politics , 64(1), pp. 1-38.
McSweeney, D., 2000. Parties, Corruption and Campaign Finance in America. In: R. William, ed. Party finance and political corruption. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, pp. 37-60.
Menocal, A. R., 2017. Political Settlements and the Politics of Transformation: Where Do ‘Inclusive Institutions’ Come From?. Journal of International Development, 29(5).
Mietzer, M., 2016. Indonesia. In: P. Norris & A. A. v. Es, eds. Checkbook Elections?: Political Finance in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 104.
Moon, W., 2006. The paradox of less effective incumbent spending: Theory and tests. British Journal of Political Science , 34(4), pp. 705-721.
Mule´, R., 1998. Financial uncertainties of party formation and consolidation in Britain, Germany and Italy: The early years in theoretical perspective.. In: P. Burnell & Ware, eds. Funding Democratization. Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 51.
Norris, P. & Es, A. A. v., 2016. Checkbook Elections?: Political Finance in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nwokora, Z., 2014. The Distinctive Politics of Campaign Finance Reform. Party Politics, 20(6), p. 918–929.
Phillips, H., 2012. The Funding of Political Parties. The Political Quartely, 83(2), pp. 318-324.
Pinilih, S. A. G., 2017. Mendorong Transparansi dan Akuntabilitas Pengaturan Keuangan Partai Politik. Mimbar Hukum, 29(1), pp. 70-81.
Pinto-Duschinsky, M., 2002. Financing politics: A global view. Journal of Democracy, 13(4), pp. 69-86.
Quah, J. S., 2010. Defying institutional failure: learning from the experiences of anti-corruption agencies in four Asian countries. Crime, Law and Social Change, 53(1), pp. 23-54.
Quah, J. S. T., 2003. Causes and Consequences oCorruption in Southeast Asia: A Comparative Analysis of Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand. Asian Journal of Public Administration, 25(2), pp. 235-266.
Raja, R., 2008. Small Change: Money, Political Parties, and Campaign Finance Reform. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Reed, S. & Thies, M., 2003. The consequences of electoral reform in Japan. In: M. Shugart & M. Wattenberg, eds. Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 399.
Rhodes, M., 1997. Financing party politics in Italy: A case of systemic corruption. West European Politics, 20(1), pp. 54-80.
Roper, S. D., 2002. The influence of Romanian campaign finance laws on party system development and corruption. Party Politics , 8(2), pp. 175-192.
Rose-Ackerman, S., 1999. Corruption and government: Causes, consequences, and reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rye, D., 2015. Political Parties and Power: A New Framework for Analysis. Political Studies, 63(5), pp. 1052-1069.
Samuels, D., 2001. Does money matter? Credible commitments and campaign finance in new democracies: theory and evidence from Brazil. Comparative Politics , 34(1), pp. 23-42.
Samuels, D., 2001. Incumbents and challengers on a level playing field: Assessing the impact of campaign finance in Brazil. Journal of Politics , 63(2), pp. 569-584.
Scarrow, S., 2004. Explaining political finance reforms: Competition and context. Party Politics , 10(6), pp. 653-675.
Shamir, J., Shamir, M. & Lavi, L., 2017. Voter Election Frames: What were the Elections about?. Political Studies, 63(5), pp. 995-1013.
Stratmann, T. & Aparicio-Castillo, F., 2006. Competition policy for elections: Do campaign contribution limits matter?. Public Choice, 27(1), p. 177–206.
Teh, Y. K., 2009. The Best Police Force in the World Will Not Bring down a High Crime Rate in a Materialistic Society,. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 11(1).
Tomsa, D., October 2018. Book Review: Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia: Money Politics, Patronage and Clientelism at the Grassroots. Party Politics.
Treisman, D., 2000. The causes of corruption: A cross-national study. Journal of Public Economics, 76(3), p. 399–457.
V.Pujas & M.Rhodes, 1999. Party finance and political scandal in Italy, Spain and France. West European Politics, 22(3), pp. 41-63.
W.A., C., 2000. Political Corruption in Southeast Asia. In: Party Finance and Political Corruption. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 163-198.
Wade, A., 1998. The funding of political parties in North America: The early years. In: P. Burnell & A. Ware, eds. Funding Democratization. Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 27.
Wibowo, P. A., 2013. Mahalnya Demokrasi, Memudarnya Ideologi: Potret Komunikasi Politik Legislator-Konstituen. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas.
Williams, R., ed., 2000. Party finance and political corruption. Basingstoke : Macmillan Press.
Abramowitz, A. I., 1988. Explaining Senate election outcomes. American Political Science Review , 82(2), pp. 385-403.
Annison, H., 2018. Politics and Penal Change: Towards an Interpretive Political Analysis of Penal Policymaking. The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, 57(3), pp. 302-320.
Bader, V., 2013. The end of democratic capitalism?. Krisis, Volume 2, pp. 13-19.
Bader, V., 2014. Crisis of political parties and representative democracies: rethinking parties in associational, experimentalist governance. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 17(3), pp. 350-376.
Balán, M., 2011. Competition by denunciation: The political dynamics of corruption scandals in Argentina and Chile. Comparative Politics , 43(4), p. 459–478.
Barber, B., 2003. Strong democracy. Barkeley: University of California Press.
Basinger, S. J., 2013. Scandals and congressional elections in the post-Watergate era. Political Research Quarterly, 66(2), pp. 385-398.
Becquart-Leclercq, J., 1989. Paradoxes of Political Corruption: A French View. In: M. Johnston & V. LeVine, eds. Political Corruption. New Brunswick and Oxford: Transaction Publishers, pp. 191-201.
Blyth, M. & Katz, R., 2005. From catch-all politics to cartelization: The political economy of the cartel party. West European Politics, 38(1), pp. 33-60.
Boggild, T. & Pedersen, H. H., 2018. Campaigning on behalf of the party? Party constraints on candidate campaign personalisation. European Journal of Political Research, 57(4), pp. 883-899.
Bonotti, M., 2012. Partisanship, conflicting obligations and the duty of fair play. Unpublished manuscript.
Booth, E. & Robbins, J., 2010. Assessing the Impact of Campaign Finance on Party System Institutionalization. Party Politics, 16(5), pp. 629-650.
Briscoe, I. & Goff, D., 2016. Deterring the Influence of Organized Crime. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance .
Bryan, S. & Baer, D. eds., 2005. In: Money in Politics - A study of Party Financing Practices in 22 countries. Washington D.C: National Democratic Institution.
Burgoon, B., 2013. Political economy of re-embedding liberalism. Inaugural Lecture No. 482.
C.Witko, 2007. Explaining increases in the stringency of state campaign finance regulation. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 7(4), p. 369–393.
Calland, R., 2016. South Africa. In: P. Norris & A. A. v. Es, eds. Checkbook Elections?: Political Finance in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 152.
Carlson, M. & Turner, M., 2008. Public Support for Democratic Governance in Southeast Asia. Asian Journal of Political Science , 16(3), pp. 219-239.
Casas-Zamora, K., 2005. Paying For Democracy: Political Finance And State Funding For Parties. Colchester: ECPR Press.
Casas-Zamora, K., 2013. Dangerous Liaisons: Organized Crime and Political Finance in Latin America and Beyond. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press.
Cheung, A. B. & Jones, D. S., 2013. Procurement reform in the Philippines: the impact of elite capture and informal bureaucracy. International Journal of Public Sector Management , 26(5), pp. 375-400.
Colazingari, S., 1999. Parties and Corruption in Latin America. Working Paper written for the conference on Political Corruption and Parties, 18-20 Maret.
Della Porta, D., 2004. Political parties and corruption: Ten hypotheses on five vicious circles. Crime, Law and Social Change, 42(1), pp. 35-60.
Della Porta, D. & Vannucci, A., 1999. Corrupt exchanges: Actors, resources, and mechanisms of political corruption.. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Downes, D., 2012. What the Next Government Should do About Crime. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 36(1).
Evertsson, N., 2013. Political corruption and electoral funding: a cross-national analysis. International Criminal Justice Review , 23(1), pp. 75-94.
Fionna, U., 2011. The Pull and Push between Central and Local Political Parties: A Case Study of Party Branch Organisation in Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 33(2), pp. 143-162.
G.Tsebelis, 2002. Veto Players: How Institutions Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gallo, Z., 2017. The constitution of political membership’: Punishment, political membership, and the Italian case. Theoretical Criminology, 21(4), pp. 458-477.
Gerber, A., 1998. Spending on Senate election outcomes using instrumental variables. American Political Science Review , 92(2), pp. 401-411.
Gokcekus, O. & Sonan, S., 2017. Political contributions and corruption in the United States. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 20(4), pp. 340-362.
Gomes, E., 2010. Financing politics in Malaysia. In: A. Butler, ed. Paying for Politics: Party Funding and Political Change in South Africa and the Global South. Auckland Park: Jacana Media.
Green, D. P. & Krasno, J. S., 1988. Salvation for the spendthrift incumbent: Reestimating the effects of campaign spending in House elections. American Journal of Political Science, 32(4), pp. 884-907.
Green, K., ed., 2010. Party finance and single-party dominance in Mexico and Beyond. In: Paying for Politics: Party Funding and Political Change in South Africa and the Global South. Auckland Park: Jacana Media: Jacana Media, pp. 20-52.
Heidenheimer, A., 1999. Party Finance and Political Corruption in Historical Perspectives. Work-ing Paper written for the conference on Political Corruption and Parties, 18-20 Maret.
Hikmawati, P., 2018. Perlukah Pembentukan Satgas Politik Uang. Info Singkat, 10(1), pp. 1-6.
Hofnung, M., 2008. Unaccounted Competition: The Finance of Intra-Party Elections. Party Politics, 14(6), pp. 726-744.
Hopkin, J., 2004. The problem with party finance: Theoretical perspectives on the funding of party politics. Party politics , 10(6), pp. 627-651.
Hopkins, J., 1996. Political Entrepreneurs and Political Corruption: The Party as Business Firm. s.l., University of Salford.
Huang, F. & Rice, J., 2012. Firm Networking and Bribery in China: Assessing Some Potential Negative Consequences of Firm Openness. ournal of Business Ethics , 107(4), pp. 533-545.
Hunter, W., 2007. The nationalization of an anomaly: The Workers’ Party in Brazil. World Politics , 59(3), pp. 440-475.
Hutchcroft, P. & Rocomora, J., 2003. Strong demands and weak institutions: The origins and evolution of the democratic deficit in the Philippines. Journal of East Asian Studies , 3(2), p. 259–292.
J.W.Kingdon, 1984. Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policy. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co.
Johnston, M., 1999. Party systems, Competition and Political Checks Against Corruption. Working Paper written for the conference on Political Corruption and Parties, 18-20 Maret.
Katz, R. & Crotty, W., 2006. Handbook of Party Politics. London: Sage Publications.
Katz, R. & Mair, P., 1995. Changing models of party organization and party democracy: The emergence of the cartel party. Party Politics , 1(1), p. 525–534.
Kimya, F., 2018. Political economy of corruption in Turkey: declining petty corruption, rise of cronyism?. Turkish Studies.
Kitschelt, H., 2000. Citizens, politicians, and party cartelization: Political representation and state failure in post-industrial democracies. European Journal of Political Research , 37(2), p. 149–179.
Kopecký, P., 2011. Political Competition and Party Patronage: Public Appointments in Ghana and South Africa. Political Studies, 59(3), pp. 713-732.
Kraft, J., 2018. Political parties and public investments: a comparative analysis of 22 Western democracies. West European Politics, 41(1), pp. 128-146.
Kumolo, T., 2015. Politik Hukum Pilkada Serentak. Bandung: Mizan Publika.
Kumorotomo, W., 2009. Intervensi Parpol, Politik Uang Dan Korupsi: Tantangan Kebijakan Publik Setelah Pilkada Langsung. Surabaya.
La Raja, R. J., 2014. Money in the 2014 Congressional Elections: Institutionalizing a Broken Regulatory System. The Forum, 12(4).
Levitt, S. D., 1994. Using repeat challengers to estimate the effect of campaign spending on election outcomes in the US House. Journal of Political Economy , 102(4), pp. 777-798.
Loader, I. & Sparks, R., 2016. Ideologies and crime: political ideas and the dynamics of crime control. Global Crime, 17(3-4), pp. 314-330.
Machin, D. J., 2017. Political Legitimacy, the Egalitarian Challenge, and Democracy. Journal Apllied Philosophy, 29(2).
Mayer, K., Werner, T. & Williams, A., 2006. Do public funding programs enhance electoral competition? Paper presented at the Annual Conference on State Politics and Policy Laboratories of Democracy: Public Policy in the American States. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University.
McMenamin, I., 2012. If money talks, what does it say? Varieties of capitalism and business financing of parties. World Politics , 64(1), pp. 1-38.
McSweeney, D., 2000. Parties, Corruption and Campaign Finance in America. In: R. William, ed. Party finance and political corruption. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, pp. 37-60.
Menocal, A. R., 2017. Political Settlements and the Politics of Transformation: Where Do ‘Inclusive Institutions’ Come From?. Journal of International Development, 29(5).
Mietzer, M., 2016. Indonesia. In: P. Norris & A. A. v. Es, eds. Checkbook Elections?: Political Finance in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 104.
Moon, W., 2006. The paradox of less effective incumbent spending: Theory and tests. British Journal of Political Science , 34(4), pp. 705-721.
Mule´, R., 1998. Financial uncertainties of party formation and consolidation in Britain, Germany and Italy: The early years in theoretical perspective.. In: P. Burnell & Ware, eds. Funding Democratization. Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 51.
Norris, P. & Es, A. A. v., 2016. Checkbook Elections?: Political Finance in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nwokora, Z., 2014. The Distinctive Politics of Campaign Finance Reform. Party Politics, 20(6), p. 918–929.
Phillips, H., 2012. The Funding of Political Parties. The Political Quartely, 83(2), pp. 318-324.
Pinilih, S. A. G., 2017. Mendorong Transparansi dan Akuntabilitas Pengaturan Keuangan Partai Politik. Mimbar Hukum, 29(1), pp. 70-81.
Pinto-Duschinsky, M., 2002. Financing politics: A global view. Journal of Democracy, 13(4), pp. 69-86.
Quah, J. S., 2010. Defying institutional failure: learning from the experiences of anti-corruption agencies in four Asian countries. Crime, Law and Social Change, 53(1), pp. 23-54.
Quah, J. S. T., 2003. Causes and Consequences oCorruption in Southeast Asia: A Comparative Analysis of Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand. Asian Journal of Public Administration, 25(2), pp. 235-266.
Raja, R., 2008. Small Change: Money, Political Parties, and Campaign Finance Reform. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Reed, S. & Thies, M., 2003. The consequences of electoral reform in Japan. In: M. Shugart & M. Wattenberg, eds. Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 399.
Rhodes, M., 1997. Financing party politics in Italy: A case of systemic corruption. West European Politics, 20(1), pp. 54-80.
Roper, S. D., 2002. The influence of Romanian campaign finance laws on party system development and corruption. Party Politics , 8(2), pp. 175-192.
Rose-Ackerman, S., 1999. Corruption and government: Causes, consequences, and reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rye, D., 2015. Political Parties and Power: A New Framework for Analysis. Political Studies, 63(5), pp. 1052-1069.
Samuels, D., 2001. Does money matter? Credible commitments and campaign finance in new democracies: theory and evidence from Brazil. Comparative Politics , 34(1), pp. 23-42.
Samuels, D., 2001. Incumbents and challengers on a level playing field: Assessing the impact of campaign finance in Brazil. Journal of Politics , 63(2), pp. 569-584.
Scarrow, S., 2004. Explaining political finance reforms: Competition and context. Party Politics , 10(6), pp. 653-675.
Shamir, J., Shamir, M. & Lavi, L., 2017. Voter Election Frames: What were the Elections about?. Political Studies, 63(5), pp. 995-1013.
Stratmann, T. & Aparicio-Castillo, F., 2006. Competition policy for elections: Do campaign contribution limits matter?. Public Choice, 27(1), p. 177–206.
Teh, Y. K., 2009. The Best Police Force in the World Will Not Bring down a High Crime Rate in a Materialistic Society,. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 11(1).
Tomsa, D., October 2018. Book Review: Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia: Money Politics, Patronage and Clientelism at the Grassroots. Party Politics.
Treisman, D., 2000. The causes of corruption: A cross-national study. Journal of Public Economics, 76(3), p. 399–457.
V.Pujas & M.Rhodes, 1999. Party finance and political scandal in Italy, Spain and France. West European Politics, 22(3), pp. 41-63.
W.A., C., 2000. Political Corruption in Southeast Asia. In: Party Finance and Political Corruption. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 163-198.
Wade, A., 1998. The funding of political parties in North America: The early years. In: P. Burnell & A. Ware, eds. Funding Democratization. Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 27.
Wibowo, P. A., 2013. Mahalnya Demokrasi, Memudarnya Ideologi: Potret Komunikasi Politik Legislator-Konstituen. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas.
Williams, R., ed., 2000. Party finance and political corruption. Basingstoke : Macmillan Press.