Comparative Analysis of Governmental Systems: Assessing Democracy in Indonesia’s Presidential System and France’s Semi-Presidential System
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Apr 28, 2023
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Abstract
This paper conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of governmental systems to assess the democratic principles inherent in Indonesia's Presidential System and France's Semi-Presidential System. Employing a normative juridical research method with a statutory, conceptual, and comparative approach, the study unveils the distinct features of each system and their implications for democratic governance. The research reveals similarities and differences in power distribution, emphasizing the commonality of the trias politica concept in both countries, albeit with unique characteristics. Notably, the divergence lies in the roles of state leaders: Indonesia designates the president as both head of state and government, whereas in France, the president is the head of state, and the prime minister assumes the role of head of government. Through this analysis, the paper aims to contribute to the field of comparative constitutional law and deepen our understanding of how different governmental structures impact the democratic fabric of nations.
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Zainurohmah, Zainurohmah, and Emma Josephine. 2023. “Comparative Analysis of Governmental Systems: Assessing Democracy in Indonesia’s Presidential System and France’s Semi-Presidential System”. Indonesian State Law Review (ISLRev) 6 (1), 75-106. https://doi.org/10.15294/islrev.v6i1.68226.
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References
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Godbout, Jean-François, and Martial Foucault. "French legislative voting in the Fifth Republic." French Politics 11 (2013): 307-331.
Gusmansyah, Wery. "Trias Politica dalam Perspektif Fikih Siyasah." Al Imarah: Jurnal Pemerintahan dan Politik Islam 2, no. 2 (2019): 123-134.
Haakonssen, Knud. "Hugo Grotius and the history of political thought." Grotius and Law. (London: Routledge, 2017), pp. 69-95.
Hayward, Jack. "Separate and Rule-the Emerging Judicial Power in France." Government and Opposition 20, no. 1 (1985): 104-117.
Hutabarat, Dany Try Hutama, et al. "Understanding and Describing Relationship of State Law and Human Right." Journal of Humanities, Social Sciencesa Business 1, no. 1 (2021): 65-72.
Isnaeni, Belly. "Trias Politica dan Implikasinya dalam Struktur Kelembagaan Negara dalam UUD 1945 Pasca Amandemen." Jurnal Magister Ilmu Hukum 6, no. 2 (2021): 78-91.
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Kirsch, Werner. "The distribution of power in the Council of Ministers of the European Union." In Institutional design and voting power in the European Union. (London: Routledge, 2016), pp. 93-108.
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Kusnardi, Moh, and Bintan R. Saragih. Susunan Pembagian Kekuasaan Menurut Sistem Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. (Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1994).
Kusnardi, Moh, and Harmaily Ibrahim. Pengantar Hukum Tata Negara Indonesia. (Jakarta: UI Press, 1998).
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Langer, Melanie, et al. "System justification in France: liberté, égalité, fraternité." Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 34 (2020): 185-191.
Lev, Daniel S. "Judicial authority and the struggle for an Indonesian Rechtsstaat." Law and Society Review (1978): 37-71.
Lindsey, Tim. "Indonesian constitutional reform: muddling towards democracy." Public Law in East Asia. (London: Routledge, 2017), pp. 337-363.
Mahfud MD, Moh. Demokrasi dan Konstitusi di Indonesia: Studi Tentang Interaksi Politik dan Kehidupan Ketatanegaraan. (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2003).
Michael, H. Davis. "The Law/Politics Distinction, the French Conseil Constitutionnel, and the US Supreme Court." The American Journal of Comparative Law 34, no. 1 (1986): 45-92.
Michel, Herve. "Government or governance? The case of the French local political system." West European Politics 21, no. 3 (1998): 146-169.
Money, Jeannette, and George Tsebelis. "The Political Power of the French Senate: Micromechanisms of Bicameral Negotiations." The Journal of Legislative Studies 1, no. 2 (1995): 192-217.
Nasution, Krisnadi. "Indonesian Judicial Power Post Amendment." Mimbar Keadilan 13, no. 1 (2020): 85-95.
Pelu, Handika, et al. "Perbandingan Sistem Pemerintahan Yang Dianut oleh Negara Kesatuan Repubilk Indonesia dengan Negara Lain (Studi Perbandingan Negara Jepang)." Jurnal Cahaya Keadilan 10, no. 1 (2022): 22-35.
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Pigome, Martha. "Implementasi Prinsip Demokrasi dan Nomokrasi dalam Struktur Ketatanegaraan RI Pasca Amandemen UUD 1945." Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 11, no. 2 (2011): 335-348.
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Susanto, Sri Nur Hari. "Pergeseran Kekuasaan Lembaga Negara Pasca Amandemen UUD 1945." Masalah-Masalah Hukum 43, no. 2 (2014): 279-288.
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Tomsa, Dirk. "Regime resilience and presidential politics in Indonesia." Contemporary Politics 24, no. 3 (2018): 266-285.
Umboh, Christiani Junita. "Penerapan Konsep Trias Politica dalam Sistem Pemerintahan Republik Indonesia." Lex Administratum 8, no. 1 (2020): 131-142.
Warjiati, Sri. "Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia Pasca Amandemen UUD 1945." Al-Daulah: Jurnal Hukum dan Perundangan Islam 2, no. 2 (2012): 185-207.
Williams, Philip M. The French Parliament (1958–1967). (London: Routledge, 2021).
Akbarrudin, Adika. "Pelaksanaan Fungsi Legislasi DPR RI Dan DPD RI Pasca Amandemen UUD 1945." Pandecta Research Law Journal 8, no. 1 (2013): 52-66.
Anangkota, Muliadi. "Klasifikasi Sistem Pemerintahan (Perspektif Pemerintahan Modern Kekinian)." CosmoGov: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan 3, no. 2 (2017): 148-152.
Anderson, Malcolm C. Government in France: An Introduction to the Executive Power. (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013).
Andriyan, Dody Nur. Hukum Tata Negara dan Sistem Politik: Kombinasi Presidensial dengan Multipartai di Indonesia. (Yogyakarta: Deepublish, 2016).
Aritonang, Dinoroy Marganda. "Penerapan Sistem Presidensil di Indonesia Pasca Amandemen UUD 1945." Mimbar Hukum 22, no. 2 (2010): 391-407.
Armia, Muhammad Siddiq, et al. "Post Amendment of Judicial Review in Indonesia: Has Judicial Power Distributed Fairly?." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 7, no. 2 (2022): 525-556.
Ataupah, Andrew Mario Ernesto. "How the Justice Power Post Constitution Amendment? A Review Book" Politik Hukum Kekuasaan Kehakiman Pasca Amandemen Undang-Undang Dasar 1945", Ma'shum Ahmad, Total Media Yogyakarta, 2017, 193 pages, ISBN: 979-1519-25-0." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 6, no. 1 (2021): 237-244.
Baranger, Denis. "Sur La Manière Française De Rendre La Justice Constitutionnelle-Motivations Et Raisons Politiques Dans La Jurisprudence Du Conseil Constitutionnel (The French Manner of Judicial Reviewing–Reasoning and Policy Arguments in the Decisions of the French Constitutional Council)." Jus Politicum 7 (2012).
Budiardjo, Miriam. Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Politik (Jakarta: Gramedia, 2008).
Chandranegara, Ibnu Sina, and Syaiful Bakhri. "Designing presidentialism cabinet under a multiparty system in Indonesia." International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change 15, no. 2 (2021): 908-922.
Cohler, Anne M., Basia Carolyn Miller, and Harold Samuel Stone. Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws. (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Cole, Alistair. French Politics and Society. (Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, 2017).
Cummins, Richard J. "The General Principles of Law, Separation of Powers and Theories of Judicial Decision in France." International & Comparative Law Quarterly 35, no. 3 (1986): 594-628.
Dagg, Christopher J. "The 2004 Elections in Indonesia: Political Reform and Democratisation." Asia Pacific Viewpoint 48, no. 1 (2007): 47-59.
Dawud, Joni. "Sistem Pemerintahan Semi Parlementer dan Semi Presidentil di Prancis." Jurnal Wacana Kinerja: Kajian Praktis-Akademis Kinerja dan Administrasi Pelayanan Publik 8, no. 2 (2020): 59-65.
De Meur, Gisèle, and D.I.R.K. Berg‐Schlosser. "Comparing Political Systems: Establishing Similarities and Dissimilarities." European Journal of Political Research 26, no. 2 (1994): 193-219.
Dewi, Yustina Trihoni Nalesti, W. Riawan Tjandra, and Grant R. Niemann. "Independence of Judicial Power as a Foundation of Human Rights Judicial Function in Indonesia." International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 6, no. 3 (2016): 239-242.
Diniyanto, Ayon. "Indonesian's Pillars Democracy: How This Country Survives." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 1, no. 1 (2016): 105-114.
Dorskaia, Aleksandra, and Andrei Dorskii. "Genesis and Historical Sense of the Motto “Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité”." Wisdom 1S, no. 1 (2021): 61-73.
Effendi, Orien. "Pembatasan Kekuasaan Berdasarkan Paham Konstitusionalisme di Negara Demokrasi." Politica: Jurnal Hukum Tata Negara dan Politik Islam 7, no. 2 (2020): 111-133.
El Brahimi, Muh Nur. Bentuk Negara dan Pemerintahan RI. (Jakarta: PT Balai Pustaka, 2010).
Fathudin Fathudin, and Ahmad Tholabi Kharlie, "Existence of Clemency as President Prerogative Right (Comparison Study of Indonesia with Countries of The World)." Jurnal Cita Hukum 5, no. 1 (2017): 1-24.
Fealy, Greg, and Hugh White. "Indonesia's ‘Great Power’ Aspirations: A Critical View." Asia & The Pacific Policy Studies 3, no. 1 (2016): 92-100.
Feigenbaum, Harvey B. "Recent evolution of the French executive." Governance 3, no. 3 (1990): 264-278.
Fitzsimmons, Michael P. The remaking of France: The National Assembly and the Constitution of 1791. (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
Gallois, Pierre M. "French Defense Planning—The Future in the Past." International Security 1, no. 2 (1976): 15-31.
Garner, James W. "Judicial Control of Administrative and Legislative Acts in France." American Political Science Review 9, no. 4 (1915): 637-665.
Godbout, Jean-François, and Martial Foucault. "French legislative voting in the Fifth Republic." French Politics 11 (2013): 307-331.
Gusmansyah, Wery. "Trias Politica dalam Perspektif Fikih Siyasah." Al Imarah: Jurnal Pemerintahan dan Politik Islam 2, no. 2 (2019): 123-134.
Haakonssen, Knud. "Hugo Grotius and the history of political thought." Grotius and Law. (London: Routledge, 2017), pp. 69-95.
Hayward, Jack. "Separate and Rule-the Emerging Judicial Power in France." Government and Opposition 20, no. 1 (1985): 104-117.
Hutabarat, Dany Try Hutama, et al. "Understanding and Describing Relationship of State Law and Human Right." Journal of Humanities, Social Sciencesa Business 1, no. 1 (2021): 65-72.
Isnaeni, Belly. "Trias Politica dan Implikasinya dalam Struktur Kelembagaan Negara dalam UUD 1945 Pasca Amandemen." Jurnal Magister Ilmu Hukum 6, no. 2 (2021): 78-91.
Johnson, Curtis N., and Curtis N. Johnson. Aristotle’s Theory of the State. (London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990).
Kanang, Abdul Rahman. "Diskursus Pembatasan Kekuasaan Presiden dalam Sistem Presidensial Menurut UUD 1945." Al Daulah: Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Ketatanegaraan 7, no. 1 (2018): 163-177.
Keeler, John TS. "Executive power and policy‐making patterns in France: Gauging the impact of fifth republic institutions." West European Politics 16, no. 4 (1993): 518-544.
Kelsen, Hans. General Theory of Law and State. (London: Routledge, 2017).
Kirsch, Werner. "The distribution of power in the Council of Ministers of the European Union." In Institutional design and voting power in the European Union. (London: Routledge, 2016), pp. 93-108.
Knapp, Andrew, and Vincent Wright. The Government and Politics of France. (London: Routledge, 2006).
Kusnardi, Moh, and Bintan R. Saragih. Susunan Pembagian Kekuasaan Menurut Sistem Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. (Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1994).
Kusnardi, Moh, and Harmaily Ibrahim. Pengantar Hukum Tata Negara Indonesia. (Jakarta: UI Press, 1998).
Lahdili, Nadia, and Fella Djilaili. "The Republic of France." The Palgrave Handbook of Comparative Public Administration: Concepts and Cases. (Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022), pp. 179-214.
Langer, Melanie, et al. "System justification in France: liberté, égalité, fraternité." Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 34 (2020): 185-191.
Lev, Daniel S. "Judicial authority and the struggle for an Indonesian Rechtsstaat." Law and Society Review (1978): 37-71.
Lindsey, Tim. "Indonesian constitutional reform: muddling towards democracy." Public Law in East Asia. (London: Routledge, 2017), pp. 337-363.
Mahfud MD, Moh. Demokrasi dan Konstitusi di Indonesia: Studi Tentang Interaksi Politik dan Kehidupan Ketatanegaraan. (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2003).
Michael, H. Davis. "The Law/Politics Distinction, the French Conseil Constitutionnel, and the US Supreme Court." The American Journal of Comparative Law 34, no. 1 (1986): 45-92.
Michel, Herve. "Government or governance? The case of the French local political system." West European Politics 21, no. 3 (1998): 146-169.
Money, Jeannette, and George Tsebelis. "The Political Power of the French Senate: Micromechanisms of Bicameral Negotiations." The Journal of Legislative Studies 1, no. 2 (1995): 192-217.
Nasution, Krisnadi. "Indonesian Judicial Power Post Amendment." Mimbar Keadilan 13, no. 1 (2020): 85-95.
Pelu, Handika, et al. "Perbandingan Sistem Pemerintahan Yang Dianut oleh Negara Kesatuan Repubilk Indonesia dengan Negara Lain (Studi Perbandingan Negara Jepang)." Jurnal Cahaya Keadilan 10, no. 1 (2022): 22-35.
Petry, François. "The role of cabinet ministers in the French Fourth Republic." Cabinet Ministers and Parliamentary Government (1994): 125-38.
Pigome, Martha. "Implementasi Prinsip Demokrasi dan Nomokrasi dalam Struktur Ketatanegaraan RI Pasca Amandemen UUD 1945." Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 11, no. 2 (2011): 335-348.
Ranawijaya, Usep. Hukum Tata Negara Indonesia: Dasar-dasarnya. (Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 1983).
Reclus, Onesime. "France: Its National Defense." Journal of Geography 13, no. 9 (1915): 280-283.
Riwanto, Agus. "Strengthening the Authority of the People's Consultative Assembly the Republic of Indonesia to Create Checks and Balances System based on Post-Amendment Constitution 1945." Researchers World 9, no. 1 (2018): 50-56.
Ruhenda, Ruhenda, et al. "Tinjauan Trias Politika Terhadap Terbentuknya Sistem Politik dan Pemerintahan di Indonesia." Journal of Governance and Social Policy 1, no. 2 (2020): 58-69.
Schain, Martin A. "Politics in France." European Politics Today (2008): 129-77.
Schain, Martin A. "The impact of the French National Front on the French political system." In Shadows over Europe: The development and impact of the extreme right in Western Europe. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2002), pp. 223-243.
Siburian, HM Sahat Radot. "Constitution Formulation and Amendment in Indonesian and American Legal System: A Comparative Study." Journal of Law and Legal Reform 3, no. 1 (2022): 39-66.
Stevens, Anne, and Anne Stevens. "President and Prime Minister: Executive Leadership." Government and Politics of France (2003): 63-82.
Stevens, Anne. Government and Politics of France. (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017).
Sukma, Rizal. "Soft power and public diplomacy: The case of Indonesia." In Public diplomacy and soft power in East Asia. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011), pp. 91-115.
Sulistiawati, Linda Yanti. “Indonesian Judiciary During the Pandemic: Staying Afloat on Troubled Water”, NUS Asia-Pacific Centre for Environment Law Working Paper 21, no. 5 (2021): 1-28.
Suparman, Odang. "Konsep Lembaga Negara Indonesia dalam Perspektif Teori Trias Politica Berdasarkan Prinsip Checks and Balances System." AHKAM 2, no. 1 (2023): 59-75.
Susanto, Sri Nur Hari. "Pergeseran Kekuasaan Lembaga Negara Pasca Amandemen UUD 1945." Masalah-Masalah Hukum 43, no. 2 (2014): 279-288.
Tate, C. Neal. "Why The Expansion of Judicial Power." The Global Expansion of Judicial Power 27 (1995): 28-33.
Tomsa, Dirk. "Regime resilience and presidential politics in Indonesia." Contemporary Politics 24, no. 3 (2018): 266-285.
Umboh, Christiani Junita. "Penerapan Konsep Trias Politica dalam Sistem Pemerintahan Republik Indonesia." Lex Administratum 8, no. 1 (2020): 131-142.
Warjiati, Sri. "Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia Pasca Amandemen UUD 1945." Al-Daulah: Jurnal Hukum dan Perundangan Islam 2, no. 2 (2012): 185-207.
Williams, Philip M. The French Parliament (1958–1967). (London: Routledge, 2021).