Development of a Restitution Model in Optimizing Legal Protection for Victims of Human Trafficking in Indonesia
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Published
May 31, 2023
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Abstract
This study aims to develop a model for the effective implementation of restitution criminal sanctions against individuals involved in trafficking in persons. The findings of this research hold strategic significance in terms of providing legal protection to victims and enhancing the concept of restitution. The study focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of imposing restitution sanctions on traffickers through judicial decisions in Indonesia. By employing a sociological juridical approach, this research examines legal norms and court rulings pertaining to prosecutors' charges against individuals involved in trafficking crimes. The analysis of these judicial decisions reveals that out of the cases reviewed, only seven included restitution sanctions, and none of the perpetrators fulfilled their restitution obligations. Instead, the offenders prioritized serving prison sentences over compensating the victims. Consequently, it is essential for prosecutors to prioritize the prosecution of perpetrators under the Law on the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Individuals. Furthermore, judges should consider utilizing the Law on the Eradication of Non-Criminal Persons and emphasizing imprisonment as an alternative to restitution.
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Angkasa, A., Hendriana, R., Wamafma, F., Juanda, O., & Nunna, B. P. (2023). Development of a Restitution Model in Optimizing Legal Protection for Victims of Human Trafficking in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 8(1), 93-128. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v8i1.67866
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Research Articles
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References
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Apriyani, Maria Novita. "Restitusi Sebagai Wujud Pemenuhan Hak Korban Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual di Indonesia." Risalah Hukum 17, No. 1(2021): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.30872/risalah.v17i1.492
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Braithwaite, John. "Principles of Restorative Justice." In Andrew von Hirsch, et.al (eds). Restorative Justice and Criminal Justice: Competing or Reconcilable Paradigms (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2003), pp. 1-20.
Burrows, Andrew S., Ewan McKendrick, and James Edelman. Cases and Materials on the Law of Restitution. (Oxford University Press, USA, 2007).
Capers, I. Bennett. "Against Prosecutors." Cornell Law Review 105 (2019): 1561-1610.
Chandrawaty, Yenny. "Penegakan Hukum dan Tanggung Jawab Negara Terhadap Perempuan Korban Human Trafficking Sebagai Wujud Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia." Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia 17, No. 4 (2020): 459-476.
Christie, Nils. "Restorative justice: Five dangers ahead." In Urban Crime Prevention, Surveillance, and Restorative Justice. (London: Routledge, 2017), pp. 229-238.
Christie, Nils. "The Ideal Victim." From Crime Policy to Victim Policy: Reorienting the Justice System (1986): 17-30.
Dahlia, Cornelia Agatha. “Kebijakan Kriminal Tentang Hak Restitusi Terhadap Anak Korban Kekerasan Seksual (Kajian Falsafah Pemidanaan salam Penegakan Keadilan Berdasarkan Pancasila)”. Thesis (Jakarta: Universitas Kristen Indonesia, 2022).
Daud, Brian Septiadi, and Eko Sopoyono. "Penerapan Sanksi Pidana Terhadap Pelaku Perdagangan Manusia (Human Trafficking) di Indonesia." Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia 1, No. 3 (2019): 352-365. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v1i3.352-365.
DiBari, Dennis F. "Restoring Restitution: The Role of Proximate Causation in Child Pornography Possession Cases where Restitution is Sought." Cardozo Law Review 33 (2011): 297-329
Doerner, William G., and P. Steven. Victimology. (Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing Co., 1998).
Duckworth, A. M. E. "Restitution an Analysis of the Victim-Offender Relationship: Towards a Working Model in Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 13, No. 4 (1980): 227-240. https://doi.org/10.1177/000486588001300402
Eglash, Albert. "Creative restitution: some suggestions for prison rehabilitation programs." American Journal of Correction 20, No. 6 (1958): 20-34.
Eglash, Albert. "Creative Restitution--A Broader Meaning for an Old Term." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 48, No. 6 (1958): 617-620.
Erlangga, Yogi. “Peran Jaksa Penuntut Umum dalam Penuntutan Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang Berdasarkan UU No. 21 Tahun 2007 Tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Perdagangangan Orang Studi Kasus di Pengadilan Negeri Medan”. Thesis. (Medan: Universitas Medan Area, 2011).
Fry, Margery. "Justice for Victims." Journal of Public Law 8, No. 1 (1959): 191-253.
Galaway, Burt. "Restitution as Innovation or Unfilled Promise?." In Towards a Critical Victimology (London: Springer, 1992), pp. 347-371.
Galaway, Burt. "The use of restitution." Crime & Delinquency 23, No. 1 (1977): 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/001112877702300106
Gekoski, Anna, Joanna R. Adler, and Jacqueline M. Gray. "Interviewing women bereaved by homicide: Reports of secondary victimization by the criminal justice system." International Review of Victimology 19, No. 3 (2013): 307-329.
Golash, Deirdre. The Case Against Punishment: Retribution, Crime Prevention, and the Law. (New York: NYU Press, 2005).
Goldscheid, Julie. "Crime Victim Compensation in a Post-9/11 World." Tulane Law Review 79 (2004): 167-233.
Hakim, Lukman, and Endang Hadrian. "The Issue of Restitution for Victims in Trafficking in Indonesia." Solid State Technology 63, No. 3 (2020): 1640-1648.
Harding, John. Victims and Offenders: Needs and Responsibilities. (London: Bedford Square Press, 1982).
Heinz, Joe, Burt Galaway, and Joe Hudson. "Restitution or parole: A follow-up study of adult offenders." Social Service Review 50, No. 1 (1976): 148-156.
Johnstone, Gerry. Restorative Justice: Ideas, Values, Debates. (London: Routledge, 2013).
Karmen, 1984; Karmen, 2015. See also McDonald, Christina L. Victim Advocate Program Internship Manual. Thesis. (Muncie, Indiana: Ball State University, 2001).
Karmen, Andrew. Crime victims. (California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1984).
Karmen, Andrew. Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology. (Massachusetts: Cengage Learning, 2015).
Lukwira, Andreas Lucky. "Restitusi Sebagai Hukuman Tambahan yang Bermanfaat Bagi Pelaku dan Korban Tindak Pidana." Deviance Jurnal Kriminologi 1, No. 1 (2017): 56-69.
Moore, Michael. "Victims and retribution: a reply to Professor Fletcher." Buffalo Criminal Law Review 3, No. 1 (1999): 65-89.
Naibaho, Nathalina. "Human Trafficking in Indonesia: Law Enforcement Problems." Indonesia Law Review 1, No. 1 (2011): 83-99. https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v1n1.48.
Orth, Uli. "Secondary victimization of crime victims by criminal proceedings." Social Justice Research 15 (2002): 313-325. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021210323461
Pasaribu, Ratno Timur Habeahan. "Fulfillment of Restitution Right of Human Trafficking Crime Victim Through Restorative Justice Approach in Criminal Justice System in Indonesia." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 7, No. 2 (2020): 504-518. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i2.1521
Prasetya, Yuda. "Legal Analysis of Human Trafficking Case as a Transnational Organized Crime that is Threatening State Security." Lex Scientia Law Review 4, No. 1 (2020): 134-141. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v4i1.38635
Prastyawan, Bachtiar Adi. "Juridical Review of Legal Protection for Victims of Sexual Harassment as a Form of State Responsibility." Journal of Creativity Student 5, No. 2 (2020): 129-148. https://doi.org/10.15294/jcs.v5i2.36274.
Putri, Anggie Rizqita Herda, and Ridwan Arifin. "Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Korban Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang di Indonesia (Legal Protection for Victims of Human Trafficking Crimes in Indonesia)." Res Judicata 2, No. 1 (2019): 170-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.29406/rj.v2i1.1340
Rahman, Dina. “Perlindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia Ditinjau dari Asas Kesetaraan dan Keadilan Gender”. Indonesian State Law Review (ISLRev) 3, No. 2 (2021): 110-134. https://doi.org/10.15294/islrev.v3i2.46975.
Ridho, Musa. "Peran Kepolisian dalam Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang (Eksploitasi Seksual) Melalui Media Elektronik." IJCLS (Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies) 1, No. 1 (2017): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijcls.v1i1.10800
Schafer, Stephen. The Victim and His Criminal: A Study in Functional Responsibility. Vol. 34. (New York: Random House, 1968).
Schafer, Stephen. Victimology: The Victim and His Criminal. (Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Company, 1977).
Šeparović, Zvonimir. Victimology: Studies of Victims. (Zagreb: Pravni Fakultet, 1985).
Setiawan, Ferry. "Pertanggungjawaban Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang Serta Hak Restitusi Korban Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang Ditinjau dari Undang Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2007." Deliberatif 1, No. 1 (2017): 150-166.
Shapland, Joanna, et al. "Situating Restorative Justice within Criminal Justice." Theoretical Criminology 10, No. 4 (2006): 505-532. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480606068876
Shapland, Joanna, et al. Restorative Justice: The Views of Victims and Offenders, Ministry of Justice Research Series 3, No. 7 June 2007. (Sheffield, South Yorkshire: Centre for Criminological Research University of Sheffield, 2007).
Shapland, Joanna, Gwen Robinson, and Angela Sorsby. Restorative Justice in Practice: Evaluating what works for Victims and Offenders. (London: Taylor & Francis, 2011).
Shephard, Bridgett N. "Classifying Crime Victim Restitution: The Theoretical Arguments and Practical Consequences of Labeling Restitution as Either a Criminal or Civil Law Concept." Lewis & Clark Law Review 18 (2014): 801.
Sitorus, Jeremya Chandra. "Victims of Sexual Abuse: How Does the Law Protect Her?." Unnes Law Journal 5, No. 2 (2019): 255-270. https://doi.org/10.15294/ulj.v5i1.29864.
Takariawan, Agus, and Sherly Ayuna Putri. "Perlindungan hukum terhadap korban human trafficking dalam perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia." Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 25, No. 2 (2018): 237-255. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol25.iss2.art2.
Tallack, William. Humanity and Humanitarianism: With Special Reference to the Prison Systems of Great Britain and the United States, the Question of Criminal Lunacy, and Capital Punishment. (London: F.B. Kitto, 1871).
Thilma, Dellya Ivonne. “Studi Deskriptif Mengenai Peranan Unit Pelayanan Perempuan dan Anak (UPPA) dalam Melaksanakan Upaya Preventif dan Memberikan Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Anak Yang Melakukan Tindak Pidana di Wilayah Hukum Bareskrim Mabes Polri”. Thesis (Jakarta: Universitas Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya, 2014).
Van Dijk, Jan. "Crime Prevention Policy: Current State and Prospects." Crime and Criminal Policy in Europe, Criminological Research Report 43 (1990): 205-220.
Van Dijk, Jan. "Free the victim: A critique of the western conception of victimhood." International Review of Victimology 16, No. 1 (2009): 1-33.
Van Dijk, Jan. Compensation: by the State or by the Offender. (The Hague, Netherlands: Ministry of Justice, 1985).
Van Ness, Daniel W., et al. Restoring Justice: An Introduction to Restorative Justice. (London: Routledge, 2022).
Virgo, Graham. The Principles of the Law of Restitution. (Oxford University Press, USA, 2015).
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