Models of Sentencing Children as Criminals (A Comparison of Several Countries)
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Published
Aug 31, 2022
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Abstract
The sentencing of children in the context of children as perpetrators of crimes has its own complexities and challenges. On the one hand, law enforcement must be carried out in preventing and tackling crime, on the other hand the perpetrators of crimes are children who are legally regulated in judicial mechanisms and special systems. The model for punishing children in Indonesia has basically been regulated through the Juvenile Criminal Justice System and the Child Criminal Law. However, this model of punishment by several studies and related studies is said to be not perfect and adequate. This study aims to analyze and compare models of punishment for children as perpetrators of crimes in three countries: Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines. The method used in this research is a normative legal study. This method is used to analyze and compare several model practices of child punishment in three countries. This study uses a comparative law study approach and a statute approach. The location of this research is not carried out through field research but through library research and document studies. Supporting data in this study were also obtained from various data on the internet and printed sources.
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Suwinda, S., Ikhsana, L., Sulistyowati, N. S., & Arifin, R. (2022). Models of Sentencing Children as Criminals (A Comparison of Several Countries). Law Research Review Quarterly, 8(3), 317-402. https://doi.org/10.15294/lrrq.v8i3.60022
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REVIEW ARTICLE
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References
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Hengtrakul, K. (2012). Teenagers: Young Criminals and Victims of Crime. Journal of Thai Justice System, 5(2), 15–21.
Hidaya, W. A. (2019). Application of Diversion in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. Justisi, 84–96.
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Prasetyo, B., Hatrik, H., & Eryke, H. (2019). Comparative Study of Restirative Justice According to Indonesian Positive Law and Thai Positive Law.
Purnomo, B., Gunarto, & Purnawan, A. (2018). Law enforcement of child crimes as perpetrators in the juvenile criminal justice system (case study in Tegal Police). Khaira Ummah Law Journal, 13(1), 45–52.
Putri, C. C. I. (2019). Juridical Review of Restorative Justice in the Juvenile Justice System through Diversion. IJCLS (Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies), 4(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijcls.v4i1.18680
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Sinatrio, W. (2019). The Implementation of Diversion and Restorative Justice in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 4(1), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v4i01.23339
Sri Utari, I., Sumardiana, B., Sastroadmodjo, S., & Preludio Ramada, D. (2019). Social Controls and Trends Juvenile Delinquency: Criminology Study about Complexity Of Child Delinquency In Society. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 335, 858–863.
Srisilarak, P., & Chantuek, T. (2017). Problems, Impediments and Guidelines to Improve the Efficiency and Performance of Judicial Investigation Officers. Huachiew Chalermprakiet Law Journal, 8(1), 1–11. https://so01.tcithaijo.org/index.php/lawhcu/article/view/157468
Surbakti, F. M., & Zuliandi, R. (2019). Application of the Law against Children as a Violent Crime. Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS), 2(1), 143–162. https://doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v2i1.58
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Wahyuni, A., Naili, Y. T., & Savitri, F. M. (2021). Diversion Mechanism In Solving Criminal Acts Of Theft With Child Offenders (Case Study of Case No. 14/ Pid.Sus-Anak/2017/PN.Pwt). Journal of Legal Transparency, 4(1), 30–46.
Waluyo, B. (2000). Criminal and Sentencing. Rays of Grafika.
Laws and Regulations
Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System
Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP)
Thai Penal Code
Law of the Republic of Philippines No. 9344
Aryana, I. W. P. S. (2020). The Reformulation of Restitution Concept in Juvenile Cases (A Comparative Study with Philippines and Thailand). Padjadjaran Journal of Law, 7(3), 400–421. https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n3.a5
Aulia, F., & Al-Fatih, S. (2017). Sholahuddin Al-Fatih Comparison of Common Law, Civil Lasw and Islamic Law Legal Systems in Historical Perspectives and Characteristics of Legality Thinking. Legality, 25(1), 98–113.
Che, Y. L. (2021). Reformulation of the Diversion Policy Against All Criminal Acts Committed By Children. Adigama Law Journal, 4(2), 3403–3424.
Christian, E., Siagian, F., Sulaksana, H., Kelly, M. Z., Fernando, A., Rachmawati, A., & Sumardi, S. (2021). The History of The Continental European Legal System (Civil Law) And Its Implementation in Indonesia. Journal of Lex Specialis, 1(1), 43–56. http://openjournal.unpam.ac.id/index.php/jlsp/index
DARMAWATI, G. A. B. (2021). Implementation of the Juvenile Criminal Justice System 2020 Report. 1–234.
Darmi, R. (2016). Implementation of Children Rights Convention Related to Children Protection Against the Law. Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure, 16(4), 439–450.
Erdianti, R. N., & Al-Fatih, S. (2019). Fostering as an Alternative Sanction for Juveniles in the Perspective of Child Protection in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 4(1), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v4i01.29315
Fikri, R. A. (2020). The Implementation Of Diversion For Children Facing The Law Is Reviewed From Law Number 11 Of 2012 Concerning The Juvenile Criminal Justice System. Law, 13(2), 72–81.
Gultom, M. (2006). Legal Protection of Children (1 ed.). Aditama Refika.
Gutierrez, J. (2019). Philippine Law Would Make 9-Year-Olds Criminally Liable. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/22/world/asia/philippines-juvenile-justice-law.html
Hambali, A. R. (2019). Application of Diversion to Children Facing the Law in the Criminal Justice System. Scientific Journal of Legal Policy, 13(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.30641/kebijakan.2019.v13.15-30
Hengtrakul, K. (2012). Teenagers: Young Criminals and Victims of Crime. Journal of Thai Justice System, 5(2), 15–21.
Hidaya, W. A. (2019). Application of Diversion in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. Justisi, 84–96.
Internasional Law Office. (2022). Criminal Liability of the Child | Criminal Act No.29 (2022). https://www.golawphuket.com/criminal-law/criminal-liability-child/
Ministry of Law and Human Rights. (2022). Overview of Legal and Statutory Regulations: The Constitutional Court Decides on the Minimum Criminal Age of 12-Year-Old Children. https://ditjenpp.kemenkumham.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1169:mk-putuskan-usia-minimal-pidana-anak-12-tahun&catid=111&Itemid=179
Clerkship of the Supreme Court R. (2022). Restitution and Compensation of Victims of Criminal Acts. MA RI. https://kepaniteraan.mahkamahagung.go.id/prosedur-berperkara/2068-inilah-ketentuan-restitusi-dan-kompensasi-korban-tindak-pidana
Lestari, R. (2017). Implementation Of The International Convention On The Rights Of The Child In Indonesia (Case study: Violation of the Rights of the Child in Riau Islands Province 2010-2015). JOM FISIP, 4(2). http://www.childrensrightswales.org.uk/history-of-
Mahmud, M. (2019). Application of Juvenile Criminal Sanctions According to the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Act. Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law, 1(2), 128–138. https://doi.org/10.31960/ijocl.v1i2.381
Manilla Bulletin. (2021, Oktober 13). House bills lowering criminal responsibility to 12 years old backed, opposed. https://mb.com.ph/2021/10/16/house-bills-lowering-criminal-responsibility-to-12-years-old-backed-opposed/
Marasabessy, F. (2015). Restitution For Victims Of Criminal Acts: A New Mechanism Offered. Journal of Law and Development Year 45, 1, 53–76.
Ministry of Justice Thailand. (2015). Survey on Public Confidence in The Work of The Department of Special Investigation for The Year 2015. Arun Printing Company Limited.
Ningtias, D. R., Sampara, S., & Djanggih, H. (2020). Diversion as a form of settlement of juvenile criminal cases. Journal of Lex Generalis (JLS), 1(5).
Prasetyo, B., Hatrik, H., & Eryke, H. (2019). Comparative Study of Restirative Justice According to Indonesian Positive Law and Thai Positive Law.
Purnomo, B., Gunarto, & Purnawan, A. (2018). Law enforcement of child crimes as perpetrators in the juvenile criminal justice system (case study in Tegal Police). Khaira Ummah Law Journal, 13(1), 45–52.
Putri, C. C. I. (2019). Juridical Review of Restorative Justice in the Juvenile Justice System through Diversion. IJCLS (Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies), 4(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijcls.v4i1.18680
Rodliyah. (2019). Diversion As A Form Of Protection For Children Facing The Law (Abh) Diversion As Legal Protection Towards Children With Conflict With Law. IUS Journal: Journal of Law and Justice, 7(1), 182–194. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v7i1.847
Rosalin, L. N., & Octara, S. H. (2018). Convention on the Rights of the Child: How is it implemented in Indonesia? . PUSKAPA. https://puskapa.org/seri-belajar/722/
Sanitphot, P., Kanyajit, S., Sinloyma, P., & Patchim, T. (2021). Thai Police Officers and Prosecution of Children in Thailand. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences. Criminal Justice Sciences (IJCJS)-Official Journal of the South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology, 16(2), 316–331. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4756078/IJCJS
Sinatrio, W. (2019). The Implementation of Diversion and Restorative Justice in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 4(1), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v4i01.23339
Sri Utari, I., Sumardiana, B., Sastroadmodjo, S., & Preludio Ramada, D. (2019). Social Controls and Trends Juvenile Delinquency: Criminology Study about Complexity Of Child Delinquency In Society. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 335, 858–863.
Srisilarak, P., & Chantuek, T. (2017). Problems, Impediments and Guidelines to Improve the Efficiency and Performance of Judicial Investigation Officers. Huachiew Chalermprakiet Law Journal, 8(1), 1–11. https://so01.tcithaijo.org/index.php/lawhcu/article/view/157468
Surbakti, F. M., & Zuliandi, R. (2019). Application of the Law against Children as a Violent Crime. Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS), 2(1), 143–162. https://doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v2i1.58
Susanti, D. E. (2019). Conviction Of Children as Perpetrators Of Criminal Acts Case Study Criminal Case Number 07 / PID-SUS-ANAK / 2017 / PN. PDG. Journal of Law Scholars, 4(2), 187–206. https://doi.org/10.3376/jch.v4i2.103
Triatmaja, O. D. (2020). Knowing Diversion, When Children Face the Law. Siplawfirm.Id. https://siplawfirm.id/mengenal-apa-itu-diversi-dalam-hal-anak-yang-berhadapan-dengan-hukum/?lang=id
UNICEF. (2020). Convention on the Rights of the Child Version of the Child. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/id/konvensi-hak-anak-versi-anak-anak
Utari, I. M. S. N. P. S., & Setiabudhi, I. K. R. (2018). Discrimination in the application of diversion against children who commit criminal acts. Journal of Udayana University, 1–15.
Wahyuni, A., Naili, Y. T., & Savitri, F. M. (2021). Diversion Mechanism In Solving Criminal Acts Of Theft With Child Offenders (Case Study of Case No. 14/ Pid.Sus-Anak/2017/PN.Pwt). Journal of Legal Transparency, 4(1), 30–46.
Waluyo, B. (2000). Criminal and Sentencing. Rays of Grafika.
Laws and Regulations
Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System
Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP)
Thai Penal Code
Law of the Republic of Philippines No. 9344