The Indonesian Government’s Dilemma in Repatriating Former ISIS Members: Balancing Advocacy, Citizenship Status, and Human Rights
Main Article Content
Abstract
Indonesian Government confronts a multifaceted challenge in repatriating former ISIS members, necessitating a delicate equilibrium between advocacy, citizenship status, and human rights principles. International conventions uphold the fundamental right to nationality, articulated in Article 15 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, yet over 500 former ISIS members from Indonesia remain stranded in Syria, having illegally departed and destroyed their official documentation. While several countries in Southeast Asia and Europe have undertaken repatriation efforts under rigorous conditions, Indonesia faces a quandary. These individuals do not qualify as People with Social Welfare Problems under domestic law, complicating their reintegration. This classification divergence conflicts with international obligations requiring nations to accept and restore nationality to their citizens, notwithstanding their affiliation with extremist groups not recognized as refugees by the UNHCR. This paper delves into the legal and humanitarian imperatives compelling Indonesia to address this issue. It examines international frameworks and national legislation to argue for the necessity of repatriation, while also exploring the preventive and repressive measures Indonesia employs. Balancing the imperative to safeguard human rights with national security concerns presents a formidable task, demanding a nuanced approach that ensures compliance with international standards while safeguarding domestic stability and security.
Article Details
How to Cite
Puteri, D. S., Wahono, D. C., Firdaus, R. J., Nte, N. D., & Windiahsari, W. (2024). The Indonesian Government’s Dilemma in Repatriating Former ISIS Members: Balancing Advocacy, Citizenship Status, and Human Rights. Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services, 6(1), 103-132. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v6i1.78523
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Research Article
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The Authors(s) retain copyrights of the Article published on Indonesian J. Advoc. Legal Serv. However, before publishing, it is required to obtain written confirmation from Author(s) in order to ensure the originality (Author Statement of Originality). The statement is to be signed by at least one of the authors who have obtained the assent of the co-author(s) where applicable. This work licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
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Braun, Kerstin. "‘Home, Sweet Home’: Managing Returning Foreign Terrorist Fighters in Germany, The United Kingdom and Australia." International Community Law Review 20, no. 3-4 (2018): 311-346.
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Budianto, Agus "Legal research methodology reposition in research on social science." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 9, no. 1 (2020): 1339-1346.
Capone, Francesca. “The children (and wives) of foreign ISIS fighters: Which obligations upon the States of nationality?.” Questions of International Law 60 (2019): 69-97.
Cook, Joana, and Gina Amy Vale. From Daesh to 'Diaspora': Tracing the Women and Minors of Islamic State. (London: International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation, King’s College London, 2018).
Coolsaet, Rik, and Thomas Renard. Returnees: Who are they, why are they (not) coming back and how should we deal with them? Assessing Policies on Returning Foreign Terrorist Fighters in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. Vol. 101. (Egmont-Royal Institute for International Relations, 2018).
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Disemadi, Hari Sutra “Lenses of Legal Research: A Descriptive Essay on Legal Research Methodologies.” Journal of Judicial Review 24, no. 2 (2022): 289-304.
Duffy, Helen. "‘Foreign Fighters’, Syrian Camps and the Jurisdictional Quagmire." Returning Foreign Fighters: Responses, Legal Challenges and Ways Forward (2023): 89-116.
Elnizar, Normand Edwin. “Polemik Pencabutan Kewarganegaraan WNI Eks ISIS”, HukumOnline, February 18, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/polemik-pencabutan-kewarganegaraan-wni-eks-isis-lt5e4b6e8e8d64e/
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Erdianto, Kristian. “Pencabutan Kewarganegaraan WNI Dinilai Berpotensi Pengakuan Kedaulatan ISIS”, KOMPAS, January 1, 2016. Retrieved from https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2016/01/25/17395181/pencabutan.kewarganegaraan.wni.dinilai.berpotensi.pengakuan.kedaulatan.isis
Erick, John. "The Terrorist Experiences: Capturing Deradicalization and Counterterrorism in Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of Counter Terrorism and National Security 3, no. 1 (2024).
Fikriyati, Umi Najikhah. "Perempuan dan Deradikalisasi: Peran Para Istri Mantan Terpidana Terorisme dalam Proses Deradikalisasi." Jurnal Sosiologi Reflektif 12, no. 1 (2017): 1-16.
Franke, Mark FN. "The unbearable rightfulness of being human: citizenship, displacement, and the right to not have rights." Citizenship Studies 15, no. 1 (2011): 39-56.
Frisch, Hillel, and Efraim Inbar. Radical Islam and International security. (London: Routledge, 2008).
Garner, Bryan A. Black’s Law Dictionary. (St. Paul: Academic Publishers, 2004).
Goodwin-Gill, Guy S. "The international law of refugee protection." The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies (2014): 36-47.
Goos Hofstee, “The Debate Around Returning Foreign Fighters in the Netherlands.” January 13, 2020. Available online at
Gunaratna, Rohan. “Counter-terrorism in Asia: The state partnership with civil society organizations.” In Civil Society Organizations against Terrorism. (London: Routledge, 2021), pp. 14-62.
Hakim, Rakhmat Nur, and Bayu Galih, “Menkumham Kaji Opsi Kepmen untuk Cabut Kewarganegaraan WNI Eks ISIS”, KOMPAS, February 20, 2020. Retrieved from
Haryadi, Aswan, and Nurhasanah Muthia. “Gerakan Politik Negara Islam Irak dan Suriah (ISIS) dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Indonesia.” Transborders: International Relations Journal 1, no. 1 (2017): 1-19.
Hasan, Akhmad Muawal. “Dilema Shamima Begum: Apakah Eks ISIS Berhak atas Kesempatan Kedua?”, TIRTO, February 24, 2019. Retrieved from https://tirto.id/dilema-shamima-begum-apakah-eks-isis-berhak-atas-kesempatan-kedua-dhDa
Hoffman, Adam, and Marta Furlan. Challenges Posed by Returning Foreign Fighters. (Washington: The George Washington University, 2020).
Human Rights Watch. "Tunisia: Scant Help to Bring Home ISIS Members’ Children." February 12, 2019. https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/02/12/tunisia-scant-help-bring-home-isis-members-children.
International Crisis Group, “Calibrating the Response: Turkey’s ISIS Returnees”, International Crisis Group Report No 258, June 29, 2020. Retrieved from
Irham, Muhammad. “Eks ISIS asal Indonesia dan program deradikalisasi: Pemerintah belum siap dalam format dan pelaksanaan”, BBC Indonesia, February 14, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-51493322
Jenkins, Brian Michael. “Options for dealing with Islamic state foreign fighters currently detained in Syria.” CTC Sentinel 12, no. 5 (2019): 11-23.
Juergensmeyer, Mark. “Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence.” Police Practice and Research 6, no. 2 (2005): 201-208.
Kulenbekova, Eleanora and Daniel Wittenberg, “Women and children who went to live with IS in Syria are being brought home”, BBC, January 24, 2024. Retrieved from
Mangku, Dewa Gede Sudika, and Ni Putu Rai Yuliartini. "Indonesia's Role in Combating Terrorism in Southeast Asia." Unnes Law Journal 7, no. 1 (2021): 89-114.
Masyhar, Ali, and Silaas Oghenemaro Emovwodo. "Techno-Prevention in Counterterrorism: Between Countering Crime and Human Rights Protection." Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 3, no. 3 (2023): 625-655.
Metodieva, Asya. "Balkan foreign fighters are coming back: What should be done?." Strategic Policy Institute (2018): 1-25.
Mubarak, M. Zaki. "Dari NII ke ISIS: Transformasi Ideologi Dan Gerakan dalam Islam Radikal di Indonesia Kontemporer." Epistemé: Jurnal Pengembangan Ilmu Keislaman 10, no. 1 (2015): 77-98.
Nicholas Mignanelli, “Critical Legal Research: Who Needs It?.” Law library Journal 112, no. 3 (2020): 327-343.
Perešin, Anita and Daniela Pisoiu. Repatriated Foreign Terrorist Fighters and Their Families: European Experiences and Lessons for P/CVE. (Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2021).
Roy, Olivier. “Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah.” Islamology 7, no. 1 (2017): 11-40.
Saifulloh, Putra Perdana Ahmad. "Gagasan Kewajiban Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam Memberikan Fatwa Pencabutan Kewarganegaraan untuk Warga Negara Indonesia Mantan Anggota ISIS." Varia Hukum 5, no. 2 (2023): 124-140.
Savage, Charlie. “The Kurds’ Prisons and Detention Camps for ISIS Members, Explained”, The New York Times, October 13, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/13/us/politics/isis-prisoners-kurds.html
Specia, Megan. “Shamima Begum, Who Joined ISIS as a Teen, Loses Latest Bid to Regain U.K. Citizenship”, New York Times, 2024. Retrieved from
Spencer, Robert. The Complete Infidel’s Guide to ISIS. (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2015).
Stenger, Helen. "Victim versus villain: Repatriation policies for foreign fighters and the construction of gendered and racialised ‘threat narratives’." European Journal of International Security 8, no. 1 (2023): 1-24.
Suhara, Ade Idra, and Tunziah Tunziah. "Status Kewarganegaraan Warga Negara Indonesia (WNI) Eks ISIS Ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2006 Tentang Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia." Publika: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik 7, no. 1 (2021): 92-102.
Sultan, Onur, Emanuela Biffi, and Pilar Cebrián. "Reintegration of ISIS Returnees: A Myth or Reality." Horizon Insights 3, no. 3 (2020): 1-16.
Sumpter, Cameron. "Countering violent extremism in Indonesia: Priorities, Practice and the Role of Civil Society." Journal for Deradicalization 11 (2017): 112-147.
Tanno, Sophie and Jessie Gretener, “British woman who joined ISIS as a teen loses UK citizenship appeal”, CNN, February 23, 2023. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/22/europe/shamima-begum-ruling-intl-gbr/index.html
United Nations General Assembly. Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict. (United Nations General Assembly, December 28, 2018).
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons (1954). Retrieved from
United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). Retrieved from
Vlierden, Guy Van. “Koerden willen nu ook onze IS-vrouwen berechten: Wie zich liet meeslepen mag meteen naar huis”, HLN, February 25, 2020. Retrieved from
Walsh, Alistair. “Jerman Siapkan Gugatan Terhadap Warganya Yang Bergabung ISIS”, DW, February 19, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.dw.com/id/jerman-siapkan-gugatan-terhadap-puluhan-warganya-yang-bergabung-dengan-isis/a-47584075
Widagdo, Setyo, Kadek Wiwik Indrayanti, and Anak Agung Ayu Nanda Saraswati. "Repatriation as a human rights approach to state options in dealing with returning ISIS foreign terrorist fighters." SAGE Open 11, no. 3 (2021): 21582440211032679.
Widhiyanti, Hanif Nur, and Mukhlisa Ilman Nafiah Medianto. "Indonesia Obligation to Repatriate Nationals Who Had Joined the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria." Fiat Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 16, no. 2 (2022): 153-170.
Wiktorowicz, Quintan, ed. Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach. (Boolington: Indiana University Press, 2004).
Yusmadi, Yusmadi, “Ini Jumlah Warga Indonesia yang Bergabung dengan ISIS”, Tribun News Aceh, retrieved from
Zelin, Aaron Y. The War Between ISIS and al Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement. (New York: The Institute for the Study of War, 2015).