Intelligence Education for National Security and Public Safety Policy: A Comparative Analysis of Nigeria, South Africa, and Indonesia
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Jun 9, 2022
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Abstract
National security and public safet policy have become one of the important issues around the world. In some cases, the national security very close to how the State provides various instruments in maintaining national stability, including policies and laws. Nigeria, South Africa, and Indonesia are facing various challenges of national stability including various national security threats. For Nigeria, post-colonial hangs over and extended militarism created huge challenges for the democratisation of intelligence education and training, while in South Africa, centuries of repressive apartheid regime created institutional obstacles for a virile democratic intelligence education and training. This work therefore is a comparative analysis of intelligence education and training in Africa-Nigeria, South Africa, and Indonesia. Using a historiographic and content evaluative methods, the study was able to establish similar developmental trajectory of intelligence education and training in Nigeria, South Africa, and Indonesia and recommended the urgent need for extensive collaboration between the countries to develop a model of intelligence education and training to attenuate the pervasive national security and public safety threats challenges in the countries.
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Nte, N. D., Teru, V. A., & Putri, N. M. (2022). Intelligence Education for National Security and Public Safety Policy: A Comparative Analysis of Nigeria, South Africa, and Indonesia. Lex Scientia Law Review, 6(1), 187-218. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v6i1.54431
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References
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Sternberg, Robert J. and Scott Barry Kaufman, eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011).
Tariye, Oputa Andrew. “Security and Human Rights Under the Regime”. Journal of Law and Legal Reform 2, No. 1 (2021): 83-96. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v2i1.41007.
Thomas, Stafford T. "Assessing current intelligence studies." International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence 2, No. 2 (1988): 217-244.
Van den Berg, M. A. “Nexus between Intelligence Education and Intelligence Training: A South African Perspective”. Journal of Strategic Studies 8, No. 3 (2015): 162-172.
Winataputra, Udin Sarifudin, Dasim Budimansyah, Sapriya Sapriya, and Winarno Winarno, Buku Ajar Mata Kuliah Umum Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan, (Direktorat Jenderal Pembelajaran dan Kemahasiswaan Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, 2016).
Africa, Sandy & Siyabulela Mlombile. "Transforming the intelligence Services: Some reflections on the South African experience." Project on Justice in Times of Transition (John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 15 October 2001). Available online at
Ahmadani, Faisal, & Sundawan Salya, “Urgensi Pilot Project Penataan dan Pembinaan Resimen Mahasiswa Indonesia,” Socia: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial 18, No. 2 (2021): 92-102. https://doi.org/10.21831/socia.v18i2.41942.
Amnesty International, “South Africa: Broken and unequal education perpetuating poverty and inequality”, Online Report, 2020. Retrieved from
Awotayo, Olagoke Oluwafemi, and Olawale Olufemi Akinrinde, “Religious Conflicts and Arms Proliferation in the Security Law Reform”. Journal of Law and Legal Reform 3, No. 1 (2022): 17-38. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v3i1.49238.
BusinessTech, “South Africas crime stats for the first three months of 2021 - everything you need to know”, Online (May 14, 2021) Retrieved online from.
Cristescu, Claudia. “Intelligence Studies in Higher Education. Designing an Intelligence Studies Curriculum for the Romanian Civilian Universities”, TOJNED: The Online Journal of New Horizons in Education 1, No. 1 (2011): 1-43. https://www.tojsat.net/journals/tojned/volumes/tojned-volume01-i01.pdf#page=5
Etim, James Edem. “A Comparison of education systems in Nigeria and the United States of America” (1976). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 2275 Portland State University. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.2272
Fauzi, Ricky Dermawan. “Role of Regional Autonomy in the Indonesian National Defense and Security System (SISHANKAMRATA)”. Journal of Law and Legal Reform 2, No. 1 (2021): 15-38. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v2i1.4090.
Gberinyer, Justine Tever, Ikechukwu Okoro, and Eric Adishi, “An Evaluation of Relevance of Criminal Intelligence Management and Implications for Security and Public Safety in Benue State, Nigeria”. Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services 4, No. 1 (2022): 91-122. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v4i1.56426.
Goodman, Michael S. “Studying and Teaching About Intelligence: The Approach in the United Kingdom”. Studies in Intelligence 50, No. 2 (2006): 57-65.
Humas Kemenko Polhukam RI, “Deputi Bidkor Kesbang : Menwa Dapat Menjadi Tombak Kesadaran Bela Negara Di Lingkungan Mahasiswa,” 2018, retrieved from
Igwe, E. O. “Biometric Fingerprint Investigation and Crime Management in Nigeria: A Case Study of Nigeria Immigration Service (NIS), Bayelsa State”, Thesis (Novena University, Ogume, 2019).
Igwe, E. O. “Nigerian Borders and the Application of Forensic Intelligence: Issues, Challenges and Prospects”, Postgraduate Diploma Project, (Novena University, Ogume, 2018).
Johnson, Loch K. ed. Handbook of Intelligence Studies. Vol. 1. (London, Routledge, 2007).
LSM SPADA Indonesia. “Implementasi Bela Negara,” LSM SPADA INDONESIA, 2021, retrieved from
MacMillan, R. G. Education and a Centralization Policy in South Africa. Symposium (1960): 55-74. https://www.core.ac.uk/reader/188771430
McCarthy, J. P. “Commanding joint and coalition operations”. Naval War College Review 46, No. 1 (1993): 9-21.
Michael, Kobi, and Aaron Kornbluth. "The Academization of Intelligence: A Comparative Overview of Intelligence Studies in the West." Cyber, Intelligence, and Security 3, No. 1 (2019): 117-140.
Nte, Ngboawaji Daniel, Paul Eke, and Kinikanwo Anele. "Rural Intelligence Gathering and the Challenges of Counter Insurgency: Views from the Niger Delta." Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology 7, No. 1 (2010): 21-32.
Nte, Ngboawaji Daniel, Urowayinor Kelita Esq, Bribena Kelvin Enokie, and Onyeka Bienose. “Cyber Crime Management Among Students”. JILS (Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies) 5, No. 2 (2020): 295-334. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v5i2.34005.
Nte, Ngboawaji Daniel. “Kidnapping, Hostage Taking and National Security Threats in Nigeria: A Synopsis”. Mustang Journal of Business and Ethics 2, No. 1 (2011): 21-32.
Nte, Ngboawaji Daniel. “The Changing patterns of Small and Light Weapons (SALW) Proliferation and the Challenges of National Security in Nigeria”. Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology 1, No. 1 (2011): 5-23.
Nte, Ucheawaji Nathaniel, Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Bribena Enokie, and Onyeka Bienose, “DNA Profiling and the Challenges of Crime Management in Nigeria: The Case of The Nigeria Police Force”. JILS (Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies) 4, No. 2 (2019): 189-216. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v4i2.29446.
Obi, C., and U. Nwachukwu, “Intelligence Failure and Insecurity in Nigeria: A Challenge to Development”. Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Development, University of Abuja 8, No. 6 (2011): 162-171.
Oluka, Nduka Lucas. “Covid-19, Global Crisis and the Challenges of Human Security Management in Nigeria”. Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services 4, No. 1 (2022): 161-194. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v4i1.56427.
Onovo, Ogbonnaya O. “Intra-agency Intelligence Gathering and Sharing for Effective Crime Control: Perspective from the Police”, in Crime and Policing in Nigeria: Challenges and Options, by E.E.O. Alemike, and I.C. Chukwuma, eds. (Lagos, Cleen Foundation, 2004).
Republic of Indonesia, “Undang Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945”, The 1945 Constitution of Republic of Indonesia.
Republic of Indonesia, “Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 3 Tahun 2002 Tentang Pertahanan Negara”, Law Number 3 of 2002 concerning National Defence.
Republic of Indonesia. “Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 12 Tahun 2012 Tentang Pendidikan Tinggi”, Law Number 12 of 2012 concerning Higher Education.
Shaffer, Ryan. Internal Security Management in Nigeria: Perspectives, Challenges and Lessons (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2019).
Sternberg, Robert J. and Scott Barry Kaufman, eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011).
Tariye, Oputa Andrew. “Security and Human Rights Under the Regime”. Journal of Law and Legal Reform 2, No. 1 (2021): 83-96. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v2i1.41007.
Thomas, Stafford T. "Assessing current intelligence studies." International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence 2, No. 2 (1988): 217-244.
Van den Berg, M. A. “Nexus between Intelligence Education and Intelligence Training: A South African Perspective”. Journal of Strategic Studies 8, No. 3 (2015): 162-172.
Winataputra, Udin Sarifudin, Dasim Budimansyah, Sapriya Sapriya, and Winarno Winarno, Buku Ajar Mata Kuliah Umum Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan, (Direktorat Jenderal Pembelajaran dan Kemahasiswaan Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, 2016).