The Urgency of the International Criminal Court’s (ICC) Jurisdiction in Handling Serious Violations of Human Rights Case of the Uyghur
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Jun 30, 2023
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Abstract
The international community is currently confronted with a severe humanitarian crisis involving the Uyghur population in Xinjiang, China, marked by pervasive reports of egregious human rights violations, encompassing forced labor, forced assimilation, and mass detention. This study accentuates the imperative for the International Criminal Court (ICC) to assert its jurisdiction and launch an investigation into the alleged crimes against humanity perpetrated against the Uyghur people. The Uyghur case presents a distinctive challenge for the ICC, given the complex political dynamics surrounding China's global influence and its non-membership in the Rome Statute. Nevertheless, this study contends that the ICC's role in addressing such severe human rights violations is now more crucial than ever. It delves into the legal avenues for ICC jurisdiction, exploring potential grounds under the principle of universality and the possibility that some alleged crimes may qualify as war crimes or crimes against humanity. Furthermore, the study delves into the ethical imperative compelling the international community to take decisive action against systemic abuses, asserting that justice and accountability stand as foundational tenets of international law. It also addresses foreseeable obstacles and objections to ICC jurisdiction, including challenges related to state sovereignty, geopolitical considerations, and the practicalities of prosecuting high-ranking officials. In conclusion, this study underscores the urgency of the ICC asserting jurisdiction in the Uyghur case, presenting an opportunity for the international community to showcase its dedication to upholding human rights and justice in the face of severe violations. The ICC's involvement in addressing these atrocities can serve as a beacon of hope for the victims and a deterrent against future perpetrators of similar crimes.
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Aulya, Layla Putri, Ridwan Arifin, and Robert Brian Smith. 2023. “The Urgency of the International Criminal Court’s (ICC) Jurisdiction in Handling Serious Violations of Human Rights Case of the Uyghur”. The Digest: Journal of Jurisprudence and Legisprudence 4 (1), 95-122. https://doi.org/10.15294/digest.v4i1.75052.
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Lenberg, Lina. "Uyghur Diaspora Activism in the Face of Genocide." International Journal of Human Rights Education 6, no. 1 (2022).
Liusuan, Qin. "International Law Enforcement of Alleged Gross Human Rights Violations by the Chinese Government Against the Uyghur Muslim Ethnicity." Siber International Journal of Advanced Law (SIJAL) 1, no. 1 (2023): 1-8.
Mahadevi, Ayisha, et al. "Implementasi Hal Asasi Manusia Internasional dalam Pemenuhan Asas Membership oleh Myanmar Kepada Etnis Rohingya." PARAPOLITIKA: Journal of Politics and Democracy Studies 3, no. 2 (2022): 142-157.
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Nagib, Rima Abdul Mujib, and Syaiful Anam. "De-extremization Effort through Political Re-education Camps in China: A Case of Uyghur Ethnic Minorities." Nation State: Journal of International Studies 4, no. 1 (2021): 51-72.
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Oostveen, Daan F. "Material Politics, Violence, and Religion: A Comparative Study of Islam and Buddhism in the People’s Republic of China." In Material Perspectives on Religion, Conflict, and Violence. (London: Brill, 2022), pp. 58-72.
Palombella, Gianluigi. "From human rights to fundamental rights: Consequences of a conceptual distinction." ARSP: Archiv für Rechts-und Sozialphilosophie/Archives for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy (2007): 396-426.
Piranda, Anggi Putri, Deswita Rosra, and Ahmad Iffan. "Pelanggaran Ham Berat Terhadap Etnis Uighur Ditinjau Dari Universal Declaration of Human Rights (DUHAM) 1948." Abstract of Undergraduate Research, Faculty of Law, Bung Hatta University 14, no. 2 (2023): 1-6.
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Renzo, Massimo. "Crimes against humanity and the limits of international criminal law." Law and Philosophy 31 (2012): 443-476.
Roberts, Sean R. "Imagining Uyghurstan: re-evaluating the birth of the modern Uyghur nation." Central Asian Survey 28, no. 4 (2009): 361-381.
Rustam, Ismah, and Arida Meilani. "The Strategy of World Uyghur Congress (WUC) to Strive for Human Rights for Uyghur people." Resolusi: Jurnal Sosial Politik 4, no.2 (2021): 53-70.
Saragih, Muhammad Fajrin, Sulaiman Hamid, and Makdin Munthe. "Tinjauan Yuridis Pelanggaran Ham Terhadap Muslim Uighur Di China Ditinjau Dari Hukum Humaniter." Sumatra Journal of International Law 4, no. 2 (2016): 164525.
Shalihah, Fithriatus, and Muhammad Raka Fiqri. "Overview of human rights violations against Rohingya ethnicity in Burma and Uighur tribe in China in international law perspectives." International Conference on Law Reform (INCLAR 2019). Atlantis Press, 2020.
Smith Finley, Joanne. "Chinese oppression in Xinjiang, Middle Eastern conflicts and global Islamic solidarities among the Uyghurs." Journal of Contemporary China 16, no. 53 (2007): 627-654.
Stern, Julia. "Genocide in China: Uighur Re-education Camps and International Response." Immigration and Human Rights Law Review 3, no. 1 (2021).
Suganda, Rangga, and Wita Setyaningrum. "Juridical review of cases of human rights violations against the Uighur Ethnic and its resolution mechanisms in the perspective of international law." Borobudur Law Review 5, no. 1 (2023): 31-42.
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Szadziewski, Henryk. "The push for a Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act in the United States: recent developments in Uyghur activism." Asian Ethnicity 21, no. 2 (2020): 211-222.
Tumengkol, Wisye Anabella Alexandra, and Amad Sudiro. "Peran PBB Atas Pelanggaran HAM Terhadap Suku Uighur di Provinsi Xinjiang, Republik Rakyat Cina (RRC) Berdasarkan Instrumen-Instrumen HAM Internasional." Jurnal Hukum Adigama 5, no. 1 (2022): 1315-1339.
Waller, James, and Mariana Salazar Albornoz. "Crime and No Punishment? China's Abuses Against the Uyghurs." Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 22, no. 1 (2021): 100-111.
Watowai, Yohanes Soga. "Penegakan Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Konflik Etnis Uighur dan Pemerintah China." Jurnal Hukum Online 1, no. 2 (2023): 488-529.
Wood, Michael C. "Security Council working methods and procedure: recent developments." International & Comparative Law Quarterly 45, no. 1 (1996): 150-161.
Zang, Xiaowei. "Uyghur—Han Earnings Differentials in Ürümchi." The China Journal 65 (2011): 141-155.
Zenz, Adrian. "‘Thoroughly reforming them towards a healthy heart attitude’: China’s political re-education campaign in Xinjiang." Central Asian Survey 38, no. 1 (2019): 102-128.
Ardianti, Alaina Feyza. "Realisme: Dilanggarnya Hak Asasi Manusia Etnis Uighur oleh Kebijakan Cina di Kamp Xinjiang." Jurnal Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik Universitas Airlangga 3 (2020).
Arifin, Ridwan, and Lilis Eka Lestari. "Penegakan dan Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia dalam Konteks Implementasi Sila Kemanusiaan Yang Adil dan Beradab." Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH) 5, no. 2 (2019): 12-25.
Baker, Philip. "Human rights, Europe and the People's Republic of China." The China Quarterly 169 (2002): 45-63.
Bassiouni, M. Cherif. Crimes against humanity in international criminal law. (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1999).
Bhattacharya, Abanti. "Conceptualising Uyghur separatism in Chinese nationalism." Strategic Analysis 27, no. 3 (2003): 357-381.
Bosco, David. "Assessing the UN Security Council: a concert perspective." Global Governance 20, no. 4 (2014): 545-562.
Buergenthal, Thomas. "The evolving international human rights system." American Journal of International Law 100, no. 4 (2006): 783-807.
Ciravegna, Monia. "Ubi Societas, Ibi Ius: The Legal System." Damanhur: An Esoteric Community Open to the World. (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022), pp. 75-96.
Clarke, Michael. "Widening the net: China's anti-terror laws and human rights in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region." The International Journal of Human Rights 14, no. 4 (2010): 542-558.
Concepcion, Natasha Parassram. "Human Rights Violations Against Muslims in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of Western China." Human Rights Brief 8, no. 1 (2000).
Davis, Elizabeth Van Wie. "Uyghur muslim ethnic separatism in Xinjiang, China." Asian Affairs: An American Review 35, no. 1 (2008): 15-30.
Dewi, Nanda Sagita, and Devica Rully Masrur. "Kejahatan Kemanusiaan (Crimes Against Humanity) Di Negara Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (RRT) Terhadap Muslim Etnis Uighur." JCA of Law 1, no. 2 (2020).
Fallon, Joseph E. "China's crime against Uyghurs is a form of genocide." Fourth World Journal 18, no. 1 (2019): 76-88.
Finnegan, Ciara. "The Uyghur minority in China: A case study of cultural genocide, minority rights and the insufficiency of the International legal framework in preventing state-imposed extinction." Laws 9, no. 1 (2020).
Foot, Rosemary. Rights beyond borders: The global community and the struggle over human rights in China. (Oxford: OUP Oxford, 2000).
Fox, Alex. "China's Crimes Against Humanity Upon the Uyghur People Under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." Loyola University Chicago International Law Review 17, no. 2 (2021).
Gunawan, Yordan. "Responsibility of People’s Republic of China for minority based on ICERD: Uyghur Case." Varia Justicia 15, no. 2 (2019): 65-73.
Hakim, Moh, et al. "Nationality, ethnicity, and solidarity: respon Turki atas perundingan etnis Uighur." Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 14, no. 1 (2021): 158-174.
Hayes, Anna. "Interwoven ‘Destinies’: The significance of Xinjiang to the China dream, the belt and road initiative, and the Xi Jinping Legacy." Journal of Contemporary China 29, no. 121 (2020): 31-45.
Henrard, Kristin. Devising an Adequate System of Minority Protection: Individual Human Rights, Minority Rights and the Right to Self-Determination. Vol. 62. (Leiden: Brill, 2021).
Hulsroj, Peter. "The legal function of the Security Council." Chinese Journal of International Law 1, no. 1 (2002): 59-94.
Hwang, Phylilis. "Defining Crimes Against Humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." Fordham International Law Journal 22, no. 2 (1998).
Itasari, Endah Rantau, and Dewa Gede Sudika Mangku. "Legal Protection Againts Violations of Human Rights that Abuse Uighur Ethnic Women in China." Yinyang: Jurnal Studi Islam Gender dan Anak 16, no. 1 (2021): 33-48.
Itasari, Endah Rantau. "Legal Protection of Uighur Muslim Ethnics in China from Perspective Human Rights." Lambung Mangkurat Law Journal 6, no. 1 (2021): 26-40.
Jianping, Lu, and Wang Zhixiang. "China's attitude towards the ICC." Journal of International Criminal Justice 3, no. 3 (2005): 608-620.
Kälin, Walter, and Jörg Künzli. The Law of International Human Rights Protection. (Cambridge, Mass: Oxford University Press, USA, 2019).
Karamık, İrem. "‘Three Evils’ of Xinjiang: Suppression, Violent Separatism and R2P." The Responsibility to Protect Twenty Years On: Rhetoric and Implementation (2022): 245-269.
Kerley, Ernest L. "The powers of investigation of the United Nations Security Council." American Journal of International Law 55, no. 4 (1961): 892-918.
Khen, Hilly Moodrick-Even. "The Uyghurs: A Case for Making the Prohibition on Cultural Genocide a Soft Law Norm in International Law." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 30, no. 1 (2022): 76-109.
Lenberg, Lina. "Uyghur Diaspora Activism in the Face of Genocide." International Journal of Human Rights Education 6, no. 1 (2022).
Liusuan, Qin. "International Law Enforcement of Alleged Gross Human Rights Violations by the Chinese Government Against the Uyghur Muslim Ethnicity." Siber International Journal of Advanced Law (SIJAL) 1, no. 1 (2023): 1-8.
Mahadevi, Ayisha, et al. "Implementasi Hal Asasi Manusia Internasional dalam Pemenuhan Asas Membership oleh Myanmar Kepada Etnis Rohingya." PARAPOLITIKA: Journal of Politics and Democracy Studies 3, no. 2 (2022): 142-157.
Mena, Kenza. "Is the International Criminal Court a Dead-end for the Uyghurs’ Case? The Implications of the OTP’s Refusal to Open an Investigation into the Situations in Tajikistan/China and Cambodia/China." The Implications of the OTP’s Refusal to Open an Investigation into the Situations in Tajikistan/China and Cambodia/China (July 1, 2021) (2021).
Nagib, Rima Abdul Mujib, and Syaiful Anam. "De-extremization Effort through Political Re-education Camps in China: A Case of Uyghur Ethnic Minorities." Nation State: Journal of International Studies 4, no. 1 (2021): 51-72.
Nowak, Manfred. "Introduction to the international human rights regime." In Introduction to the International Human Rights Regime. (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2003).
Oostveen, Daan F. "Material Politics, Violence, and Religion: A Comparative Study of Islam and Buddhism in the People’s Republic of China." In Material Perspectives on Religion, Conflict, and Violence. (London: Brill, 2022), pp. 58-72.
Palombella, Gianluigi. "From human rights to fundamental rights: Consequences of a conceptual distinction." ARSP: Archiv für Rechts-und Sozialphilosophie/Archives for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy (2007): 396-426.
Piranda, Anggi Putri, Deswita Rosra, and Ahmad Iffan. "Pelanggaran Ham Berat Terhadap Etnis Uighur Ditinjau Dari Universal Declaration of Human Rights (DUHAM) 1948." Abstract of Undergraduate Research, Faculty of Law, Bung Hatta University 14, no. 2 (2023): 1-6.
Rahmayuni, Dewi, and Helmi Hidayat. "Hierarki Pengaruh Isu-Isu Moderasi Beragama pada Media Guo Ji Ri Bao 国际日报 Studi Kasus Berita Konflik Etnis Uighur di Xinjiang." Jurnal Studi Jurnalistik 2, no. 1 (2020): 1-24.
Raza, Zainab. "China’s ‘political re-education’camps of Xinjiang’s Uyghur Muslims." Asian Affairs 50, no. 4 (2019): 488-501.
Renzo, Massimo. "Crimes against humanity and the limits of international criminal law." Law and Philosophy 31 (2012): 443-476.
Roberts, Sean R. "Imagining Uyghurstan: re-evaluating the birth of the modern Uyghur nation." Central Asian Survey 28, no. 4 (2009): 361-381.
Rustam, Ismah, and Arida Meilani. "The Strategy of World Uyghur Congress (WUC) to Strive for Human Rights for Uyghur people." Resolusi: Jurnal Sosial Politik 4, no.2 (2021): 53-70.
Saragih, Muhammad Fajrin, Sulaiman Hamid, and Makdin Munthe. "Tinjauan Yuridis Pelanggaran Ham Terhadap Muslim Uighur Di China Ditinjau Dari Hukum Humaniter." Sumatra Journal of International Law 4, no. 2 (2016): 164525.
Shalihah, Fithriatus, and Muhammad Raka Fiqri. "Overview of human rights violations against Rohingya ethnicity in Burma and Uighur tribe in China in international law perspectives." International Conference on Law Reform (INCLAR 2019). Atlantis Press, 2020.
Smith Finley, Joanne. "Chinese oppression in Xinjiang, Middle Eastern conflicts and global Islamic solidarities among the Uyghurs." Journal of Contemporary China 16, no. 53 (2007): 627-654.
Stern, Julia. "Genocide in China: Uighur Re-education Camps and International Response." Immigration and Human Rights Law Review 3, no. 1 (2021).
Suganda, Rangga, and Wita Setyaningrum. "Juridical review of cases of human rights violations against the Uighur Ethnic and its resolution mechanisms in the perspective of international law." Borobudur Law Review 5, no. 1 (2023): 31-42.
Svensson, Marina. Debating human rights in China: A conceptual and political history. (Maryland, US: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002).
Szadziewski, Henryk. "The push for a Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act in the United States: recent developments in Uyghur activism." Asian Ethnicity 21, no. 2 (2020): 211-222.
Tumengkol, Wisye Anabella Alexandra, and Amad Sudiro. "Peran PBB Atas Pelanggaran HAM Terhadap Suku Uighur di Provinsi Xinjiang, Republik Rakyat Cina (RRC) Berdasarkan Instrumen-Instrumen HAM Internasional." Jurnal Hukum Adigama 5, no. 1 (2022): 1315-1339.
Waller, James, and Mariana Salazar Albornoz. "Crime and No Punishment? China's Abuses Against the Uyghurs." Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 22, no. 1 (2021): 100-111.
Watowai, Yohanes Soga. "Penegakan Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Konflik Etnis Uighur dan Pemerintah China." Jurnal Hukum Online 1, no. 2 (2023): 488-529.
Wood, Michael C. "Security Council working methods and procedure: recent developments." International & Comparative Law Quarterly 45, no. 1 (1996): 150-161.
Zang, Xiaowei. "Uyghur—Han Earnings Differentials in Ürümchi." The China Journal 65 (2011): 141-155.
Zenz, Adrian. "‘Thoroughly reforming them towards a healthy heart attitude’: China’s political re-education campaign in Xinjiang." Central Asian Survey 38, no. 1 (2019): 102-128.