Prevention of Violence Againts Children During the Covid-19 Pandemic Perspective of Criminology
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Published
Jan 31, 2022
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Abstract
The specific purpose of this research is to find an appropriate model to use as the basis for considering a policy in dealing with violence against children perpetrated by families. The research method used is a qualitative method with a criminological research approach. The results of the study show that the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected people in carrying out their daily activities. In addition, it also has an impact on the community starting from health, economic, and social impacts. One of the impacts is the emergence of new problems regarding the occurrence of domestic violence. The data shows that throughout the COVID-19 pandemic there was an increase in the number of Domestic Violence. The causes of domestic violence include being quarantined at home independently, which makes victims of domestic violence trapped together with perpetrators of domestic violence. Besides that, it also triggers stress because with this pandemic the family economy is reduced which in turn can trigger the emergence of family disputes that lead to violence. The conclusion in this study is that controlling the increase in the number of domestic violence is not only the duty or responsibility of the government but all levels of society.
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How to Cite
Utari, I. S., & Sumardiana, B. (2022). Prevention of Violence Againts Children During the Covid-19 Pandemic Perspective of Criminology. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 3(1), 85-110. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v3i1.54836
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Research Article
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All writings published in this journal are personal views of the authors and do not represent the views of this journal and the author's affiliated institutions. Author(s) retain copyrights under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
References
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Ashady, Suheflihusnaini and Abd Hasan. "Kebijakan Rumah Aman Bagi Anak Korban Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga." Jurnal Fundamental Justice 2 no. 1 (2021): 39-54.
Beasley, Christine. "Rethinking hegemonic masculinity in a globalizing world." Men and Masculinities 11 no. 1 (2008): 86-103.
Bellinger, Nisha and Kyle Kattelman. "How the coronavirus increases terrorism threats in the developing world." The Conversation (2020). Retrieved from https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1198&context=polsci_facpubs
Bhatia, Amiya, et al. "COVID-19 response measures and violence against children." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 98 no. 9 (2020): 583.
Bhatia, Amiya, et al. "Violence against children during the COVID-19 pandemic." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 99.10 (2021): 730.
Chakrawati, F. Bullying Siapa Takut? (Solo: Tiga Ananda, 2015).
Cheng, Tyrone C., and Qingyi Li. "Adolescent delinquency in child welfare system: A multiple disadvantage model." Children and Youth Services Review 73 (2017): 205-212.
Connell, Robert W., and James W. Messerschmidt, "Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept." Gender & Society 19 no. 6 (2005): 829-859.
Dynesia, Tessa Septy. "The Effectiveness of Indonesian Government Assistance in Handling and Breaking Covid-19 Chains." The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 2 no. 3 (2020): 245-256.
Eleanora, Fransiska Novita and Edy Supriyanto. "Violence against women and patriarkhi culture in Indonesia." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 7 no. 9 (2020): 44-51.
Evans, Dabney P. "COVID-19 and violence: a research call to action." BMC Women's Health 20 no. 1 (2020): 1-3.
Fabbri, Camilla, et al. "Modelling the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on violent discipline against children." Child Abuse & Neglect 116 (2021): 104897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104897
Fadilah, Mariatul and Dewi Arsinta. "The effect of social contacts on the spreads of covid-19 in Indonesia." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7 no. 6 (2020): 233-242.
Fathan, Muhammad Haikal. "COVID-19 Emergency Regulation: How We Survive?." The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 2 no. 3 (2020): 301-314.
Fatimah, Dati, W. Udasmoro, and A. Rahmawati. "They, the Brave: Narratives of Women’s Agency in the Peasant Movement in Wongsorejo, Banyuwangi’." Gender and Peacebuilding: Agency and Strategy from the Grass Root (2019): 1-17.
Felson, Marcus "The routine activity approach." Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis. (London: Routledge, 2016).
Fore, "Violence against children in the time of COVID-19: What we have learned, what remains unknown and the opportunities that lie ahead." Child Abuse & Neglect 116 (2021): 104776.
Foucault, Michel. The Politics of Truth. (New York: Semiotext, 1997).
Friedman, Lawrence M. The Legal System: A Social Science Perspective (New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 1989).
Guterres, António and Paul Spiegel. "The state of the world's refugees: adapting health responses to urban environments." Jama 308 no. 7 (2012): 673-674.
Guterres, António. "Mental health services are an essential part of all government responses to COVID-19." United Nations, COVID-19 Response 13 (2020).
Guterres, António. "Tackling the inequality pandemic: A new social contract for a new era." Nelson Mandela Annual Lecture (2020).
Habermas, Jürgen and John McCumber. "Work and Weltanschauung: The Heidegger controversy from a German perspective." Critical Inquiry 15 no. 2 (1989): 431-456.
Habermas, Jürgen. "Towards a Communication‐Concept of Rational Collective Will‐Formation. A Thought‐Experiment." Ratio Juris 2 no. 2 (1989): 144-154.
Hardie, Beth and Per‐Olof Wikström. "Space–Time Budget Methodology: Facilitating Social Ecology of Crime." The Encyclopedia of Research Methods in Criminology and Criminal Justice 1 (2021): 126-143.
Henderson, Michael B., Paul E. Peterson, and Martin R. West. "Pandemic Parent Survey Finds Perverse Pattern: Students Are More Likely to Be Attending School in Person Where Covid Is Spreading More Rapidly: Majority of students receiving fully remote instruction; private-school students more likely to be in person full time." Education Next 21 no. 2 (2021): 34-48.
Houston, Marsha and Cheris Kramarae. "Speaking from silence: Methods of silencing and of resistance." Discourse & Society 2.4 (1991): 387-399.
Inchley, Joanna C. et al. "Enhancing understanding of adolescent health and well-being: The health behaviour in school-aged children study." Journal of Adolescent Health 66 no. 6 (2020): S3-S5.
Jolly, Richard. UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund): Global Governance That Works. (London: Routledge, 2014).
Kandedes, Iin. "Kekerasan terhadap anak di masa pandemi covid 19." Jurnal Harkat: Media Komunikasi Gender 16 no. 1 (2020): 66-76.
Kennedy, Maura et al. "Delirium in older patients with COVID-19 presenting to the emergency department." JAMA Network Open 3 no. 11 (2020): e2029540-e2029540.
Khaironi, Mulianah. "Perkembangan anak usia dini." Jurnal Golden Age 2 no. 1 (2018): 1-12.
Kiesling, Scott. "Men, masculinities, and language." Language and Linguistics Compass 1 no. 6 (2007): 653-673.
Konarasinghe, K. M. U. B. "Forecasting COVID-19 Outbreak in the Philippines and Indonesia." Journal of New Frontiers in Healthcare and Biological Sciences 2 no. 1 (2021): 1-19.
Kunz, Rahel. Henri Myrttinen, and Wening Udasmoro. "Preachers, pirates and peace-building: Examining non-violent hegemonic masculinities in Aceh." Asian Journal of Women's Studies 24.3 (2018): 299-320.
Lauren, Rumble, et al. "Childhood sexual violence in Indonesia: a systematic review." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 21 no. 2 (2020): 284-299.
Legowo, Ilham Ma'ruf Arif. "How Can Covid-19 Affected to Labor Sectors? A Critical Note." The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 2 no. 3 (2020): 361-366.
Lestari, Sri. Psikologi Keluarga: Penanaman Nilai dan Penanganan Konflik dalam Keluarga (Jakarta: Kharisma Putra Utama, 2012).
Li, Qingyi and Tyrone C. Cheng. "New evidence in physical violent behaviors among school-aged children: A multiple disadvantages model." Children and Youth Services Review 81 (2017): 301-308.
Mercer, Jean A. Child Development: Concepts and Theories. (London: Sage, 2018).
Miller, Joel "Individual offending, routine activities, and activity settings: Revisiting the routine activity theory of general deviance." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 50 no. 3 (2013): 390-416.
Muslim, Moh. "PHK Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19." ESENSI: Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis 23 no. 3 (2020): 357-370.
Peake, Linda "‘Race’ and sexuality: Challenging the patriarchal structuring of urban social space." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 11 no. 4 (1993): 415-432.
Pereda, Noemí and Diego A. Díaz-Faes. "Family violence against children in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic: a review of current perspectives and risk factors." Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 14 no. 1 (2020): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00347-1
Petrowski, Nicole, et al. "Violence against children during COVID-19: Assessing and understanding change in use of helplines." Child Abuse & Neglect 116 (2021): 104757.
Petrowski, Nicole, et al. "Violence against children during COVID-19: Assessing and understanding change in use of helplines." Child Abuse & Neglect 116 (2021): 104757.
Putri, Retno Karunia, et al. "Efek Pandemi Covid 19: Dampak Lonjakan Angka PHK Terhadap Penurunan Perekonomian di Indonesia." Jurnal Bisnis Manajemen dan Akuntansi (BISMAK) 1 no. 2 (2021): 72-77.
Rahman, Ulfiani. "Karakteristik perkembangan anak usia dini." Lentera Pendidikan: Jurnal Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan 12 no. 1 (2009): 46-57.
Reid, Gary, Nick Crofts, and Lorraine Beyer. "Drug Treatment Services for Ethnic Communities in Victoria, Australia: an examination of cultural and institutional barriers." Ethnicity & Health 6 no. 1 (2001): 13-26.
Reubins, Beatriz Markman and Marc Stephan Reubins. Pioneers of child psychoanalysis: Influential theories and practices in healthy child development. (London: Routledge, 2018).
Rossmo, D. Kim and Lucia Summers. "Routine activity theory in crime investigation." The criminal act. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).
Sampson, Robert J. and William J. Wilson. Toward a theory of race, crime, and urban inequality. (London: Routledge, 2020).
Saracho, Olivia N. and Roy Evans. "Theorists and their developmental theories." Early Child Development and Care 191 no. 7-8 (2021): 993-1001.
Setiono, Kusdwiratri. Psikologi Keluarga (Bandung: PT Alumni, 2011).
Stark, Rodney. "Deviant places: A theory of the ecology of crime." Criminology 25 no. 4 (1987): 893-910.
Suryani, Bhekti. “Lebih dari 7.000 Pekerja di Kota Jogja Terdampak Pandemi Covid-19”, Harian Jogja, 16 July 2021, retrieved from https://jogjapolitan.harianjogja.com/read/2021/07/16/510/1077286/lebih-dari-7000-pekerja-di-kota-jogja-terdampak-pandemi-covid-19.
Suyanto, Bagong. Masalah Sosial Anak. (Jakarta: Kencana, 2010).
Tanya, Bernard L. Pancasila Bingkai Hukum Indonesia. (Yogyakarta: Genta Press, 2018).
Taves, Ann. "Modeling Theories and Modeling Phenomena: A Humanist’s Initiation." Human Simulation: Perspectives, Insights, and Applications. Springer, Cham, 2019. 83-94.
Utari, Indah Sri Masyarakat dan Pilihan Hukum (Semarang: Sanggar Krida Utama, 2012).
Utari, Indah Sri. Kontrol Sosial dan Tren Perilaku Menyimpang Anak dalam Studi Kriminologi (Semarang: Sanggar Krida Utama, 2018).
Van Gelder, N. et al. "COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence." E-Clinical Medicine 21 (2020).
Viveros-Vigoya, Mara. "Masculinities in the continuum of violence in Latin America." Feminist Theory 17 no. 2 (2016): 229-237.
Walker, Gillian A. Family violence and the women's movement. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2019).
Wells, Lana, Caroline Claussen, and Debb Hurlock. Building a Base: The Domestic Violence Primary Prevention Initiative. (Alberta, Canada: Centre for Criminology and Justice Research, Mount Royal University, 2011)
White, Stephen K. The recent work of Jürgen Habermas: Reason, Justice and Modernity (Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Wibowo, Seno Adhi. "Child Sexual Violence and the Violation of Human Rights: The Darkest Side of Law Enforcement in Indonesia." The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 2 no. 4 (2020): 421-434.
Wiratraman, Herlambang Perdana. "Does Indonesian COVID-19 Emergency Law Secure Rule of Law and Human Rights?." Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights 4 no. 1 (2020): 306-334.
Artello, Kristine, et al. "What do we do with those kids? A critical review of current responses to juvenile delinquency and an alternative." Aggression and Violent Hehavior 24 (2015): 1-8.
Ashady, Suheflihusnaini and Abd Hasan. "Kebijakan Rumah Aman Bagi Anak Korban Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga." Jurnal Fundamental Justice 2 no. 1 (2021): 39-54.
Beasley, Christine. "Rethinking hegemonic masculinity in a globalizing world." Men and Masculinities 11 no. 1 (2008): 86-103.
Bellinger, Nisha and Kyle Kattelman. "How the coronavirus increases terrorism threats in the developing world." The Conversation (2020). Retrieved from https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1198&context=polsci_facpubs
Bhatia, Amiya, et al. "COVID-19 response measures and violence against children." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 98 no. 9 (2020): 583.
Bhatia, Amiya, et al. "Violence against children during the COVID-19 pandemic." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 99.10 (2021): 730.
Chakrawati, F. Bullying Siapa Takut? (Solo: Tiga Ananda, 2015).
Cheng, Tyrone C., and Qingyi Li. "Adolescent delinquency in child welfare system: A multiple disadvantage model." Children and Youth Services Review 73 (2017): 205-212.
Connell, Robert W., and James W. Messerschmidt, "Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept." Gender & Society 19 no. 6 (2005): 829-859.
Dynesia, Tessa Septy. "The Effectiveness of Indonesian Government Assistance in Handling and Breaking Covid-19 Chains." The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 2 no. 3 (2020): 245-256.
Eleanora, Fransiska Novita and Edy Supriyanto. "Violence against women and patriarkhi culture in Indonesia." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 7 no. 9 (2020): 44-51.
Evans, Dabney P. "COVID-19 and violence: a research call to action." BMC Women's Health 20 no. 1 (2020): 1-3.
Fabbri, Camilla, et al. "Modelling the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on violent discipline against children." Child Abuse & Neglect 116 (2021): 104897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104897
Fadilah, Mariatul and Dewi Arsinta. "The effect of social contacts on the spreads of covid-19 in Indonesia." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7 no. 6 (2020): 233-242.
Fathan, Muhammad Haikal. "COVID-19 Emergency Regulation: How We Survive?." The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 2 no. 3 (2020): 301-314.
Fatimah, Dati, W. Udasmoro, and A. Rahmawati. "They, the Brave: Narratives of Women’s Agency in the Peasant Movement in Wongsorejo, Banyuwangi’." Gender and Peacebuilding: Agency and Strategy from the Grass Root (2019): 1-17.
Felson, Marcus "The routine activity approach." Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis. (London: Routledge, 2016).
Fore, "Violence against children in the time of COVID-19: What we have learned, what remains unknown and the opportunities that lie ahead." Child Abuse & Neglect 116 (2021): 104776.
Foucault, Michel. The Politics of Truth. (New York: Semiotext, 1997).
Friedman, Lawrence M. The Legal System: A Social Science Perspective (New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 1989).
Guterres, António and Paul Spiegel. "The state of the world's refugees: adapting health responses to urban environments." Jama 308 no. 7 (2012): 673-674.
Guterres, António. "Mental health services are an essential part of all government responses to COVID-19." United Nations, COVID-19 Response 13 (2020).
Guterres, António. "Tackling the inequality pandemic: A new social contract for a new era." Nelson Mandela Annual Lecture (2020).
Habermas, Jürgen and John McCumber. "Work and Weltanschauung: The Heidegger controversy from a German perspective." Critical Inquiry 15 no. 2 (1989): 431-456.
Habermas, Jürgen. "Towards a Communication‐Concept of Rational Collective Will‐Formation. A Thought‐Experiment." Ratio Juris 2 no. 2 (1989): 144-154.
Hardie, Beth and Per‐Olof Wikström. "Space–Time Budget Methodology: Facilitating Social Ecology of Crime." The Encyclopedia of Research Methods in Criminology and Criminal Justice 1 (2021): 126-143.
Henderson, Michael B., Paul E. Peterson, and Martin R. West. "Pandemic Parent Survey Finds Perverse Pattern: Students Are More Likely to Be Attending School in Person Where Covid Is Spreading More Rapidly: Majority of students receiving fully remote instruction; private-school students more likely to be in person full time." Education Next 21 no. 2 (2021): 34-48.
Houston, Marsha and Cheris Kramarae. "Speaking from silence: Methods of silencing and of resistance." Discourse & Society 2.4 (1991): 387-399.
Inchley, Joanna C. et al. "Enhancing understanding of adolescent health and well-being: The health behaviour in school-aged children study." Journal of Adolescent Health 66 no. 6 (2020): S3-S5.
Jolly, Richard. UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund): Global Governance That Works. (London: Routledge, 2014).
Kandedes, Iin. "Kekerasan terhadap anak di masa pandemi covid 19." Jurnal Harkat: Media Komunikasi Gender 16 no. 1 (2020): 66-76.
Kennedy, Maura et al. "Delirium in older patients with COVID-19 presenting to the emergency department." JAMA Network Open 3 no. 11 (2020): e2029540-e2029540.
Khaironi, Mulianah. "Perkembangan anak usia dini." Jurnal Golden Age 2 no. 1 (2018): 1-12.
Kiesling, Scott. "Men, masculinities, and language." Language and Linguistics Compass 1 no. 6 (2007): 653-673.
Konarasinghe, K. M. U. B. "Forecasting COVID-19 Outbreak in the Philippines and Indonesia." Journal of New Frontiers in Healthcare and Biological Sciences 2 no. 1 (2021): 1-19.
Kunz, Rahel. Henri Myrttinen, and Wening Udasmoro. "Preachers, pirates and peace-building: Examining non-violent hegemonic masculinities in Aceh." Asian Journal of Women's Studies 24.3 (2018): 299-320.
Lauren, Rumble, et al. "Childhood sexual violence in Indonesia: a systematic review." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 21 no. 2 (2020): 284-299.
Legowo, Ilham Ma'ruf Arif. "How Can Covid-19 Affected to Labor Sectors? A Critical Note." The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 2 no. 3 (2020): 361-366.
Lestari, Sri. Psikologi Keluarga: Penanaman Nilai dan Penanganan Konflik dalam Keluarga (Jakarta: Kharisma Putra Utama, 2012).
Li, Qingyi and Tyrone C. Cheng. "New evidence in physical violent behaviors among school-aged children: A multiple disadvantages model." Children and Youth Services Review 81 (2017): 301-308.
Mercer, Jean A. Child Development: Concepts and Theories. (London: Sage, 2018).
Miller, Joel "Individual offending, routine activities, and activity settings: Revisiting the routine activity theory of general deviance." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 50 no. 3 (2013): 390-416.
Muslim, Moh. "PHK Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19." ESENSI: Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis 23 no. 3 (2020): 357-370.
Peake, Linda "‘Race’ and sexuality: Challenging the patriarchal structuring of urban social space." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 11 no. 4 (1993): 415-432.
Pereda, Noemí and Diego A. Díaz-Faes. "Family violence against children in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic: a review of current perspectives and risk factors." Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 14 no. 1 (2020): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00347-1
Petrowski, Nicole, et al. "Violence against children during COVID-19: Assessing and understanding change in use of helplines." Child Abuse & Neglect 116 (2021): 104757.
Petrowski, Nicole, et al. "Violence against children during COVID-19: Assessing and understanding change in use of helplines." Child Abuse & Neglect 116 (2021): 104757.
Putri, Retno Karunia, et al. "Efek Pandemi Covid 19: Dampak Lonjakan Angka PHK Terhadap Penurunan Perekonomian di Indonesia." Jurnal Bisnis Manajemen dan Akuntansi (BISMAK) 1 no. 2 (2021): 72-77.
Rahman, Ulfiani. "Karakteristik perkembangan anak usia dini." Lentera Pendidikan: Jurnal Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan 12 no. 1 (2009): 46-57.
Reid, Gary, Nick Crofts, and Lorraine Beyer. "Drug Treatment Services for Ethnic Communities in Victoria, Australia: an examination of cultural and institutional barriers." Ethnicity & Health 6 no. 1 (2001): 13-26.
Reubins, Beatriz Markman and Marc Stephan Reubins. Pioneers of child psychoanalysis: Influential theories and practices in healthy child development. (London: Routledge, 2018).
Rossmo, D. Kim and Lucia Summers. "Routine activity theory in crime investigation." The criminal act. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).
Sampson, Robert J. and William J. Wilson. Toward a theory of race, crime, and urban inequality. (London: Routledge, 2020).
Saracho, Olivia N. and Roy Evans. "Theorists and their developmental theories." Early Child Development and Care 191 no. 7-8 (2021): 993-1001.
Setiono, Kusdwiratri. Psikologi Keluarga (Bandung: PT Alumni, 2011).
Stark, Rodney. "Deviant places: A theory of the ecology of crime." Criminology 25 no. 4 (1987): 893-910.
Suryani, Bhekti. “Lebih dari 7.000 Pekerja di Kota Jogja Terdampak Pandemi Covid-19”, Harian Jogja, 16 July 2021, retrieved from https://jogjapolitan.harianjogja.com/read/2021/07/16/510/1077286/lebih-dari-7000-pekerja-di-kota-jogja-terdampak-pandemi-covid-19.
Suyanto, Bagong. Masalah Sosial Anak. (Jakarta: Kencana, 2010).
Tanya, Bernard L. Pancasila Bingkai Hukum Indonesia. (Yogyakarta: Genta Press, 2018).
Taves, Ann. "Modeling Theories and Modeling Phenomena: A Humanist’s Initiation." Human Simulation: Perspectives, Insights, and Applications. Springer, Cham, 2019. 83-94.
Utari, Indah Sri Masyarakat dan Pilihan Hukum (Semarang: Sanggar Krida Utama, 2012).
Utari, Indah Sri. Kontrol Sosial dan Tren Perilaku Menyimpang Anak dalam Studi Kriminologi (Semarang: Sanggar Krida Utama, 2018).
Van Gelder, N. et al. "COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence." E-Clinical Medicine 21 (2020).
Viveros-Vigoya, Mara. "Masculinities in the continuum of violence in Latin America." Feminist Theory 17 no. 2 (2016): 229-237.
Walker, Gillian A. Family violence and the women's movement. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2019).
Wells, Lana, Caroline Claussen, and Debb Hurlock. Building a Base: The Domestic Violence Primary Prevention Initiative. (Alberta, Canada: Centre for Criminology and Justice Research, Mount Royal University, 2011)
White, Stephen K. The recent work of Jürgen Habermas: Reason, Justice and Modernity (Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Wibowo, Seno Adhi. "Child Sexual Violence and the Violation of Human Rights: The Darkest Side of Law Enforcement in Indonesia." The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 2 no. 4 (2020): 421-434.
Wiratraman, Herlambang Perdana. "Does Indonesian COVID-19 Emergency Law Secure Rule of Law and Human Rights?." Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights 4 no. 1 (2020): 306-334.