Protecting Environment through Criminal Sanction Aggravation
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Jun 1, 2022
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Abstract
This paper aims to explores the provision of aggravating criminal sanction that protects environment in environmental legislation. By focusing on the four laws as its primary data source, this study employed doctrinal legal research. The results showed that the weight accorded to criminal sanctions in environmental legislation, has varied. The PPLH Law provides for the amplification of criminal threats directed at corporations by adding 1/3 (one-third) of the criminal sentence. Only companies are subject to the penalty aggravation provisions of the Mining Law, and they are only imposed with one-third of the maximum criminal provision of fines. In the PPPH Law, the imposition of criminal threats weight is simply related to the quantity component. If the culprit is a corporation or official, the criminal sanction aggravation is increased by one-third. In Plantation Law, if the offender is a corporate or a government official, then the criminal punishment is intensified. The environment is protected through acts prohibited by environmental legislation, but the criminal threat weight is not directed toward environmental preservation. Existing penalty aggravations are confined to only two types of criminal penalties: jail and fines, both of which have no direct connection to environmental protection. As a result, weighting criminal sanctions refers to the changing quality and quantity issues in order to safeguard the environment. The transition from criminal sanction to treatment, or from one type of treatment to another, was the focus of quality considerations, while the twofold criminal fine system was the focus of quantity element.
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Ali, M., Wahanisa, R., Barkhuizen, J., & Teeraphan, P. (2022). Protecting Environment through Criminal Sanction Aggravation. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 7(1), 191-228. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v7i1.54819
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References
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Karim, Ridoan, Farahdilah Ghazali, and Abdul Haseeb Ansari. “Renewable Energy Regulations in Indonesia and India: A Comparative Study on Legal Framework”. JILS (Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies) 5, No. 2 (2020): 361-390. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v5i2.41986.
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Maguire, Rowena. "Incorporating International Environmental Legal Principle into Future Climate Change". Carbon & Climate Law Review 6, No. 2 (2012): 101-113. https://doi.org/10.21552/CCLR/2012/2/210.
Mahardika, Ega Rijal, and Muhammad Azhary Bayu. “Legal Politics of Indonesian Environmental Management: Discourse Between Maintaining Environmental Sustainability and Economic Interests”. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Law and Sustainable Development 1, No. 1 (2022): 1-28. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijel.v1i1.56781.
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Markel, Dan. "Executing Retributivism: Panetti and the the Future of the Eighth Amendment". Northwestern University Law Review 103, No. 3 (2009): 1116-1222.
Miles, Thomas J. "Empirical Economics and Study of Punishment and Crime". University of Chicago Legal Forum (2005): 237-259.
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Packer, Herbert L. The Limits of the Criminal Sanction. (California: Stanford University Press, 1968).
Parker, Michael. "Categorizing Environmental Crimes Malum in Se or Malum Prohibitum". Texas Environmental Law Journal 40, No. 1-2 (2010): 93-111.
Picinali, Federico. "The Denial of Procedural Safeguards in Trials for Regulatory Offences: A Justification". Criminal Law and Philosophy 11 (2017): 681–703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-016-9400-y.
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Robinson, Daniel N. "Punishment, Forgiveness, and the Proxy Problem". Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics and Public Policy 18, No. 2 (2004): 373-386.
Ryadi, Arief, and Ali Masyhar. “Forest Fires and Law Enforcement: The Capture of Indonesian Contemporary Condition”. Journal of Law and Legal Reform 2, No. 1 (2021): 39-50. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v2i1.42723.
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Sarma, Bidish. "Using Deterrence Theory to Promote Prosecutorial Accountability". Lewis & Clark Law Review 21, No. 3 (2017): 573-633.
Schaffmeister, D. Kekhawatiran Masa Kini (Pemikiran Mengenai Hukum Pidana Lingkungan dalam Teori & Praktik), Tristan P. Moeliono (Trans). (Bandung: PT. Citra Aditya Bakti, 1994).
Schwartz, Stephen S. "Is There a Common Law Necessity Defense in Federal Criminal Law?" University of Chicago Law Review 75 (2008): 1259-1293.
Sekhroni, Sekhroni, Hartiwiningsih Hartiwiningsih, and I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani. "The Implementation of Environmental Criminal Law Enforcement to Prevent the Ground Water Pollution (The Case Study of Used Battery Smelting in Tegal District, Indonesia)". International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 10, No. 3 (2019): 302–308.
Shavell, Steven. "A Simple Model of Optimal Deterrence and Incapacitation". International Review of Law & Economics 42, No. 1 (2015): 13-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2014.11.005.
Sholehuddin, M. Sistem Sanksi dalam Hukum Pidana Ide Dasar Double Track System dan Implementasinya, (Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 2003).
Shover, Neal, and Aaron S. Routhe. "Environmental Crime". Crime and Justice 32 (2005): 321-371. https://doi.org/10.1086/655356.
Sudarto, Sudarto. Kapita Selekta Hukum Pidana. (Bandung: Alumni, 1986).
Suhariyono, Suhariyono. Pembaruan Pidana Denda. (Jakarta: Papas Sinar Sinanti, 2012).
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Vercher, Antonio. "The Use of Criminal Law for the Protection of the Environment in Europe: Council of Europe Resolution (77) 28". Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business 10, No. 3 (1990): 442-459.
Wardani, Winda Indah. “How Can the Law Protect the Forest?”. Journal of Law and Legal Reform 2, No. 4 (2021): 527-538. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v2i4.48757.
Aji, Adiguna Bagas Waskito, Puji Wiyatno, Ridwan Arifin, and Ubaidillah Kamal. “Social Justice on Environmental Law Enforcement in Indonesia: The Contemporary and Controversial Cases”. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 2, No. 1 (2020): 57-72. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v2i1.37324.
Arief, Barda Nawawi. Kapita Selekta Hukum Pidana. (Bandung: PT. Citra Aditya Bakti, 2013).
Arief, Barda Nawawi. Kebijakan Legislatif dalam Penanggulangan Kejahatan dengan Pidana Penjara. (Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, 2000).
Barnes Jr, William L. "Revenge on Utilitarianism: Renouncing A Comprehensive Economics Theory of Crime and Punishment". Indiana Law Journal 74, No. 1 (1999): 627-651. at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol74/iss2/5.
Boer, Ben. "Institutionalising Ecologically Sustainable Development: The Roles of National, State, and Local Governments in Translating Grand Strategy Into Action". Willamette Law Review 31, No. 2 (1995): 261-305.
Bui, Dat T. "Procedural Proportionality: The Remedy for an Uncertain Jurisprudence of Minor Offence Justice". Criminal Law and Philosophy 12 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-017-9413-1.
Cho, Byung-Sun. "Emergence of an International Environmental Criminal Law?" UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy 19, No. 1 (2001): 11-47, https://doi.org/10.5070/L5191019216.
Cotton, Michele. "Back with a Vengeance: The Resilience of Retribution as an Articulated Purpose of Criminal Punishment". American Criminal Law Review 37, No. 1 (2000): 1313-1362.
Dekiawati, Erla Sari. “Law Enforcement of Illegal Logging in Indonesia: Problems and Challenges in Present and the Future”. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Law and Sustainable Development 1, No. 1 (2022): 47-68. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijel.v1i1.56777.
Dervan, Lucian E." Corporate Criminal Liability, Moral Culpability, and the Yates Memo". Stetson Law Review 46, No. 1 (2016): 111-126.
Faure, Michael G., Ingeborg M. Koopmans, and Johannes C. Oudijk. "Imposing Criminal Liability on Government Officials under Environmental Law: A Legal and Economic Analysis". Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Journal 18, No. 3 (1996): 526-269. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ilr/ vol18/iss3/3.
Faure, Michael. "The Revolution in Environmental Criminal Law in Europe". Virginia Environmental Law Journal 35, No. 2 (2017): 321-356. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95085-02.
Faure, Michael. "Towards a New Model of Criminalization of Environmental Pollution. The Case of Indonesia”, In Michael Faure & Nicole Niessen (Eds). Environmental Law in Development Lesson from the Indonesian Experience. (UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2006).
Gacek, James, Richard Jochelson, and Alicia Jochelson. "Critiquing the Conception of “Crimes Against Nature”: The Necessity for a New “Natural” Law". International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 6, No. 4 (2022): 345-368. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X20967945.
Hamzah, Andi. Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan. (Bandung: Alumni, 2006).
Harkrisnowo, Harkristuti. "Rekonstruksi Konsep Pemidanaan: Suatu Gugatan terhadap Proses Legislasi dan Pemidanaan di Indonesia", Speech on the Inauguration of Permanent Professors in Criminal Law Universitas Indonesia (Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia, 2003).
Hildebrandt, Mireille. "Justice and Police: Regulatory Offences and The Criminal Law". New Criminal Law Review 12, No. 1 (2009): 43-68. https://doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2009.12.1.43.
Hildebrandt, Mireille. "Justice and Police: Regulatory Offences and The Criminal Law". New Criminal Law Review 12, No. 1 (2009): 43-68. https://doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2009.12.1.43.
Honderich, Ted. Punishment: The Suppossed Justification Revisited (London: Pluto Press, 2006).
Hoskins, Zachary. "Criminalization and the Collateral Consequences of Conviction". Criminal Law and Philosophy 12 (2018): 625–639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-017-9449-2.
Huda, Chairul. "Pola Pemberatan Pidana dalam Hukum Pidana Khusus". Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 18, No. 4 (2011): 508–524. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol18.iss4.art3.
I. Rosyadi, M. R. Habibi, and N. Syam. "Implementation of Criminal Law Enforcement Concept of Environmental Sustainability (Illegal Logging in Indonesia)". IOP Conferene Series: Earth and Environmental Science 894 (2021): 012002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/894/1/012002.
Jimenez, Gustavo A. "Corporate Criminal Liability: Toward a Compliance-Orientated Approach". Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 26, No. 1 (2019). 353-379. https://doi.org/10.2979/indjglolegstu.26.1.0353.
Karim, Ridoan, Farahdilah Ghazali, and Abdul Haseeb Ansari. “Renewable Energy Regulations in Indonesia and India: A Comparative Study on Legal Framework”. JILS (Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies) 5, No. 2 (2020): 361-390. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v5i2.41986.
Khan, Mehran Idris and Qianxun Xu. "An Assessment of Environmental Policy Implications under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: A Perspective of Environmental Laws and Sustainable Development". Sustainability 13, No. 20 (2021): 11223. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011223.
Kirchengast, Tyrone, Penny Crofts, Thomas Crofts, Stephen Gray, Bronwyn Naylor, Steven Tudor. Waller & Williams Criminal Law Texts and Cases 14th Edition. (Australia: Butter Worlds, 2020).
Laitos, Jan G. "Standing and Environmenal Harm: The Double Paradox". Virginia Environmental Law Journal 31, No. 1 (2013): 55-101. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44679552.
Lestari, Berlian Putri Haryu. "Environment and Law, What Is the Indonesian Context? A Review Book ’Hukum Lingkungan Sebuah Pengantar untuk Konteks Indonesia’, Prof. Dr. H. M. Hadin Muhjad, SH., M.Hum., PT Genta Publishing, Yogyakarta, 2015, 232 pages, ISBN: 978-602-1500-25-5". Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services 3, No. 1 (2021), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v3i1.34799.
Libman, Rick. "Regulatory Offences and Principles of Sentencing: Is the "Patchwork Quilt" in Need of Reshaping and Reform?". Dissertation (Toronto: Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Law, York University, 2013).
Maguire, Rowena. "Incorporating International Environmental Legal Principle into Future Climate Change". Carbon & Climate Law Review 6, No. 2 (2012): 101-113. https://doi.org/10.21552/CCLR/2012/2/210.
Mahardika, Ega Rijal, and Muhammad Azhary Bayu. “Legal Politics of Indonesian Environmental Management: Discourse Between Maintaining Environmental Sustainability and Economic Interests”. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Law and Sustainable Development 1, No. 1 (2022): 1-28. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijel.v1i1.56781.
Mandiberg, Susan F., and Michael G. Faure. "A Graduated Punishment Approach to Environmental Crimes: Beyond Vindication of Administrative Authority in the United States and Europe". Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 34, No. 2 (2009): 447-511.
Markel, Dan. "Executing Retributivism: Panetti and the the Future of the Eighth Amendment". Northwestern University Law Review 103, No. 3 (2009): 1116-1222.
Miles, Thomas J. "Empirical Economics and Study of Punishment and Crime". University of Chicago Legal Forum (2005): 237-259.
Muladi, Muladi, and Barda Nawawi Arief. Teori-teori dan Kebijakan Pidana. (Bandung: Alumni, 1992).
Nagara, Grahat. "Perkembangan Sanksi Administratif dalam Penguatan Perlindungan Lingkungan terkait Eksploitasi Sumber Daya Alam (Studi Kasus: Sektor Perkebunan, Pertambangan, dan Kehutanan)". Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan 3, No. 2 (2017): 19-44. https://doi.org/10.38011/jhli.v3i2.41.
Nicolson, Donald, and Lois Bibbing. Feminist Perspective on Criminal Law. (London: Cavendish Publishing Limited, 2000).
Nugraheni, Prasasti Dyah, and Andrianantenaina Fanirintsoa Aime. “Environmental Law Enforcement in Indonesia Through Civil Law: Between Justice and Legal Certainty”. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 4, No. 1 (2022). https://doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v4i1.55763.
Packer, Herbert L. The Limits of the Criminal Sanction. (California: Stanford University Press, 1968).
Parker, Michael. "Categorizing Environmental Crimes Malum in Se or Malum Prohibitum". Texas Environmental Law Journal 40, No. 1-2 (2010): 93-111.
Picinali, Federico. "The Denial of Procedural Safeguards in Trials for Regulatory Offences: A Justification". Criminal Law and Philosophy 11 (2017): 681–703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-016-9400-y.
Purniawati, Purniawati, Nikmatul Kasana, and Rodiyah Rodiyah. “Good Environmental Governance in Indonesia (Perspective of Environmental Protection and Management)”. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 2, No. 1 (2020): 43-56. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v2i1.37328.
Qudah, Hamdan. "Towards International Criminalization of Trans Boundary Environmental Crimes", Dissertation. (New York: Pace Law School, 2014).
Robinson, Daniel N. "Punishment, Forgiveness, and the Proxy Problem". Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics and Public Policy 18, No. 2 (2004): 373-386.
Ryadi, Arief, and Ali Masyhar. “Forest Fires and Law Enforcement: The Capture of Indonesian Contemporary Condition”. Journal of Law and Legal Reform 2, No. 1 (2021): 39-50. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v2i1.42723.
Saleh, Roeslan. Beberapa Asas Hukum Pidana dalam Perspektif (Jakarta: Aksara Baru, 1983).
Saleh, RoeslanStelsel Pidana Indonesia. (Yogyakarta: Yayasan Badan Penerbit Gadjah Mada, 1962).
Santosa, Mas Ahmad. Good Governance & Penegakan Hukum. Jakarta: Indonesian Center for Environmental Law, 2001).
Sarma, Bidish. "Using Deterrence Theory to Promote Prosecutorial Accountability". Lewis & Clark Law Review 21, No. 3 (2017): 573-633.
Schaffmeister, D. Kekhawatiran Masa Kini (Pemikiran Mengenai Hukum Pidana Lingkungan dalam Teori & Praktik), Tristan P. Moeliono (Trans). (Bandung: PT. Citra Aditya Bakti, 1994).
Schwartz, Stephen S. "Is There a Common Law Necessity Defense in Federal Criminal Law?" University of Chicago Law Review 75 (2008): 1259-1293.
Sekhroni, Sekhroni, Hartiwiningsih Hartiwiningsih, and I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani. "The Implementation of Environmental Criminal Law Enforcement to Prevent the Ground Water Pollution (The Case Study of Used Battery Smelting in Tegal District, Indonesia)". International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 10, No. 3 (2019): 302–308.
Shavell, Steven. "A Simple Model of Optimal Deterrence and Incapacitation". International Review of Law & Economics 42, No. 1 (2015): 13-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2014.11.005.
Sholehuddin, M. Sistem Sanksi dalam Hukum Pidana Ide Dasar Double Track System dan Implementasinya, (Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 2003).
Shover, Neal, and Aaron S. Routhe. "Environmental Crime". Crime and Justice 32 (2005): 321-371. https://doi.org/10.1086/655356.
Sudarto, Sudarto. Kapita Selekta Hukum Pidana. (Bandung: Alumni, 1986).
Suhariyono, Suhariyono. Pembaruan Pidana Denda. (Jakarta: Papas Sinar Sinanti, 2012).
Supriadi, Supriadi. "Penetapan Tindak Pidana Sebagai Kejahatan dan Pelanggaran dalam Undang-undang Pidana Khusus". Mimbar Hukum 27, No. 3 (2015): 389-403. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.15878.
Vercher, Antonio. "The Use of Criminal Law for the Protection of the Environment in Europe: Council of Europe Resolution (77) 28". Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business 10, No. 3 (1990): 442-459.
Wardani, Winda Indah. “How Can the Law Protect the Forest?”. Journal of Law and Legal Reform 2, No. 4 (2021): 527-538. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v2i4.48757.