1. Authorship and Accountability

• AI Cannot Be an Author. AI systems and AI-assisted technologies, including Large Language Models and GenAI applications, cannot be listed as authors, co-authors, or contributors with authorship responsibility. AI systems cannot assume responsibility for the accuracy, integrity, originality, or ethical soundness of a manuscript.
• Authors' Full Responsibility. Authors remain fully responsible and accountable for the entire manuscript, including content generated, edited, translated, analyzed, or otherwise assisted by AI. This responsibility includes factual accuracy, originality, research methods, data, citations, figures, interpretation, and compliance with publication ethics.
• Human Oversight. Authors must critically evaluate, verify, edit, and revise AI-assisted output before incorporating it into a manuscript. AI-generated material must not be accepted without appropriate human review and independent verification.

2. Permitted Use of AI

Authors may use AI tools for legitimate research and manuscript-preparation activities, provided that the use does not compromise research integrity or replace the authors' scholarly judgment.

• Basic Language Assistance. AI may be used for spelling, grammar, punctuation, formatting, proofreading, and improving the clarity or readability of text written by the authors. Where AI is used solely for basic language correction and does not generate or substantially modify the manuscript's intellectual content, disclosure is not required under this policy.
• Drafting and Idea Development. AI may assist with brainstorming, outlining, or preparing preliminary text. Any AI-generated or substantially rewritten scholarly content must be critically reviewed and revised by the authors, and its use must be disclosed in accordance with Section 3.
• Literature Searching and Summarization. AI may assist in identifying, organizing, or summarizing relevant literature. Authors must consult and verify the original sources and ensure that summaries accurately represent the cited works.
• Translation. AI-assisted translation may be used where appropriate. Authors must verify that the translated text accurately conveys the meaning, terminology, and context of the original material.
• Coding, Data Analysis, and Methodological Support. AI may assist with coding, computational analysis, statistical procedures, or other legitimate methodological activities. Authors must verify the outputs and provide sufficient methodological information to support transparency and reproducibility.
• Figures and Visual Materials. AI-generated or AI-modified illustrative materials may be used where appropriate, provided that applicable copyright, intellectual property, disclosure, and research-integrity requirements are satisfied.

3. Transparency and Disclosure of AI Use

Authors must disclose substantive use of AI or GenAI in the preparation of a manuscript or in the research process. Substantive use includes generating or substantially rewriting scholarly content, assisting with research analysis, producing research-related figures, or performing methodological tasks that materially contribute to the work.

The disclosure must identify, where applicable:

1. The name of the AI tool or service used.
2. The version or model, where available.
3. The specific purpose of the AI use.
4. The section of the manuscript or stage of the research process affected.
5. The verification, review, or validation undertaken by the authors.

Where to Disclose

• For AI used as part of the research methodology, coding, or data analysis, the disclosure must be included in the Methods section.
• For AI used in drafting or substantively revising manuscript content, the disclosure should appear in an Acknowledgements section, a dedicated Declaration of AI Use section, or another appropriate location specified by the journal.
• For AI-generated or substantially AI-modified illustrative images, figures, or diagrams, the tool and its contribution must be disclosed in the figure caption or another appropriate section.

4. AI in Research Methods and Data Analysis

Where AI forms part of the research methodology, authors must describe its use clearly and accurately in the Methods section. The description should include the relevant tool, model or system, its purpose, the role it played in the research, and the procedures used to verify or validate its output.

Authors must provide sufficient information to allow readers and other researchers to understand how AI contributed to the research and, where applicable, to assess or reproduce the relevant procedures.

5. References, Citations, and Intellectual Property

• Verification of References. Authors must independently verify every reference and citation against the original source. They must ensure that the source exists, that bibliographic details are accurate, and that the cited material genuinely supports the relevant statement or argument.
• Fabricated or Inaccurate Citations. Fabricated, inaccurate, misleading, or unverifiable AI-generated references are prohibited. Authors must not include citations merely because an AI tool has suggested them.
• Attribution and Originality. AI-assisted writing does not remove the obligation to acknowledge and cite the original sources of ideas, quotations, data, or other intellectual contributions. Authors must not present another person's work as their own or use AI to conceal plagiarism.
• Copyright and Intellectual Property. Authors are responsible for ensuring that their use of AI and any material incorporated into a manuscript complies with applicable copyright, licensing, attribution, and intellectual property requirements.

6. AI-Generated Images, Figures, and Research Evidence

AI-generated or AI-modified images, figures, diagrams, tables, and other visual materials must be used transparently and in accordance with research integrity, copyright, intellectual property, and publication ethics requirements.

• Authors must disclose AI use when generating or substantially modifying illustrative visual materials.
• AI must not be used to fabricate, manipulate, or alter images representing primary research data, documentary evidence, or other evidentiary material in a manner that misrepresents the underlying research.
• Visual materials must not mislead readers about the source, authenticity, or evidentiary value of the material presented.
• Authors must ensure that any AI-generated material is relevant, accurate for its stated purpose, and appropriately attributed or disclosed.

7. Prohibited Uses of AI

ICCLE prohibits the use of AI or AI-assisted technologies in ways that undermine research integrity, academic accountability, confidentiality, or the reliability of the scholarly record. Prohibited uses include:

1. Listing an AI system as an author, co-author, or contributor with authorship responsibility.
2. Fabricating or falsifying research data, results, statistical findings, references, or citations.
3. Manipulating research results, images, or evidentiary materials in a way that misrepresents the underlying research.
4. Submitting substantive AI-generated or substantially AI-rewritten content without the disclosure required by this policy.
5. Using AI to conceal plagiarism, misrepresent originality, or facilitate other forms of academic misconduct.
6. Relying on unverified AI-generated information, references, or claims as though they had been independently established.
7. Uploading confidential manuscripts, unpublished research, personal data, or protected materials to public or unauthorized AI systems where confidentiality and data protection cannot be adequately assured.
8. Using AI to replace the independent scholarly judgment or professional responsibilities of authors, reviewers, or editors.
9. Using AI in any other manner that violates applicable copyright, confidentiality, research integrity, or publication ethics requirements.

8. Confidentiality and Unpublished Materials

Authors, reviewers, and editors must protect the confidentiality of unpublished manuscripts, research data, personal information, peer-review materials, and other protected content.

Confidential or unpublished materials must not be uploaded to public or unauthorized AI tools where confidentiality, data protection, intellectual property rights, or control over the submitted information cannot be adequately guaranteed. Any use of AI must comply with the journal's confidentiality obligations and applicable data protection requirements.

9. Use of AI by Peer Reviewers

Peer reviewers must maintain the confidentiality of manuscripts and all materials received through the peer-review process. They must not upload confidential manuscript content to public or unauthorized AI systems.

AI must not replace a reviewer's substantive evaluation, critical analysis, or independent scholarly judgment. Reviewers must not delegate the assessment of confidential manuscript content to AI systems or rely on AI as the basis for their recommendations.

Limited use of AI for language improvement of a review report may be permitted only where confidentiality is adequately protected and the use is consistent with the journal's requirements. Reviewers remain fully responsible for the accuracy, fairness, confidentiality, and substance of their reports and must disclose such use to the journal when required.

10. Use of AI by Editors

Editors must protect submitted manuscripts, reviewer reports, correspondence, and confidential editorial materials. Such materials must not be uploaded to public or unauthorized AI systems where confidentiality and data protection cannot be adequately assured.

AI must not replace editorial judgment or serve as the sole basis for decisions concerning manuscript screening, peer review, acceptance, rejection, revision, or suspected publication misconduct. Editorial decisions remain the responsibility of the human editorial team.

11. Editorial Assessment and Consequences of Misuse

Failure to disclose substantive AI use, submission of fabricated or falsified content, misuse of confidential materials, or other violations of this policy may constitute a breach of publication ethics.

Depending on the nature, seriousness, and circumstances of the suspected violation, the Editorial Board may:

• Request clarification, supporting documentation, or a detailed explanation from the authors.
• Require correction, revision, or additional verification of the manuscript.
• Suspend the editorial process while the concern is assessed.
• Reject the submitted manuscript.
• Refer the matter to the authors' institution or another appropriate body where warranted.
• Take appropriate post-publication action, including correction or retraction, where necessary to protect the integrity of the scholarly record.
• Consider restrictions on future submissions where justified by the seriousness of the misconduct and consistent with the journal's applicable policies.

Any action will be determined in light of the available evidence, the nature of the violation, and the journal's applicable publication ethics procedures.

12. Responsibilities of Authors

By submitting a manuscript to ICCLE, authors confirm that they have read and complied with this policy. Authors are responsible for ensuring that:

• AI use is appropriate for the relevant research or writing task.
• Required disclosures are complete, accurate, and included in the appropriate section.
• AI-assisted content has been critically reviewed and independently verified.
• All sources, citations, data, analyses, and visual materials are accurate and appropriately attributed.
• Confidentiality, copyright, intellectual property, and research ethics requirements are respected.
• The submitted manuscript reflects the authors' own scholarly responsibility and judgment.

13. Policy Review and Application

This policy applies to authors, reviewers, editors, and other relevant participants in the publication process of The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education (ICCLE).

ICCLE may periodically review and update this policy to reflect developments in AI technology, research practice, copyright and data protection requirements, and evolving standards of scholarly publishing ethics.

References and Further Guidance

The following publisher and scholarly organization policies provide further guidance on the responsible use of AI in scholarly publishing:

1. Elsevier — Generative AI Policies for Journals
2. Springer Nature — AI Guidance for Researchers and Communities
3. Nature Portfolio — Artificial Intelligence Policy
4. Wiley — AI Guidelines for Articles
5. Taylor & Francis — AI Policy
6. SAGE — Artificial Intelligence Policy
7. Cambridge University Press — Authorship and Contributorship for Journals
8. PLOS — Ethical Publishing Practice
9. BMJ — AI Use Policy
10. IEEE — Submission and Peer Review Policies