The Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies (IJCLS) recognizes that Artificial Intelligence (AI), including Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI), Large Language Models (LLMs), and AI-assisted technologies, may support research and manuscript preparation. Their use must comply with academic integrity, research ethics, copyright, confidentiality, and the journal's publication ethics standards.

Core Principle: AI must not replace human intellectual contribution, independent scholarly judgment, or the accountability of authors, reviewers, and editors.

1. Authorship and Accountability

AI Cannot Be an Author. AI systems and AI-assisted technologies cannot be listed as authors or co-authors because they cannot assume responsibility for the accuracy, originality, integrity, or ethical soundness of scholarly work.

Authors' Full Responsibility. Authors remain fully responsible for the entire manuscript, including AI-assisted content, factual accuracy, research methods, data, citations, legal authorities, figures, interpretations, and conclusions.

Human Oversight. Authors must critically evaluate, verify, edit, and revise AI-assisted outputs before incorporating them into their manuscripts.

2. Permitted Use of AI

AI may be used for legitimate research and manuscript-preparation activities, provided that it does not compromise research integrity or replace independent scholarly judgment.

• Language assistance: spelling, grammar, punctuation, proofreading, and readability improvements.
• Drafting and brainstorming: preliminary text, outlines, and development of ideas, subject to human review and required disclosure.
• Literature review: identifying and summarizing literature, provided original sources are independently consulted and verified.
• Legal research: preliminary legal research and comparative analysis, subject to verification of legislation, judicial decisions, and legal authorities.
• Translation: translation subject to verification of meaning, legal terminology, and context.
• Data analysis and coding: methodological assistance subject to validation and sufficient reporting for transparency and reproducibility.
• Visual materials: illustrative images and diagrams, subject to disclosure and applicable intellectual property requirements.

3. Transparency and Disclosure of AI Use

Where applicable, the disclosure should identify:

• The name of the AI tool or service.
• The version or model, where available.
• The specific purpose of use.
• The manuscript section or research stage affected.
• The extent of AI involvement and the verification undertaken.

Where to disclose:

• Drafting or substantive revision: Acknowledgements or a dedicated Declaration of AI Use section.
• Research methodology, coding, or data analysis: Methods section.
• AI-generated or substantially modified figures: relevant figure caption or another appropriate section.

Example: Declaration of AI Use

During the preparation of this manuscript, the author(s) used [name of AI tool and version/model] for [specific purpose] in [relevant section or research stage]. The AI-assisted output was critically reviewed, verified, and revised as necessary. The author(s) take full responsibility for the accuracy, originality, integrity, and final content of the manuscript.

Example: AI-Generated Illustrative Material

Figure [number] was generated or modified using [name of AI tool and version/model] for [specific purpose]. The author(s) reviewed the resulting material and take responsibility for its accuracy, relevance, and compliance with applicable publication and intellectual property requirements.

4. AI in Research Methods and Data Analysis

Where AI forms part of the research methodology, authors must describe the tool, model or system, its purpose, its role in the research, and the procedures used to verify or validate its output in the Methods section.

For empirical criminal law research, authors should explain how AI contributed to data collection, processing, classification, coding, or analysis, where applicable. Sufficient information must be provided to support transparency and reproducibility.

Prohibition: AI must not be used to fabricate, falsify, manipulate, or misrepresent research data, statistical findings, analytical results, or conclusions.

5. References, Citations, and Intellectual Property

• Verification of references: Every reference must be checked against the original source.
• Legal authorities: Legislation, regulations, judicial decisions, case numbers, statutory provisions, and official documents must be independently verified.
• Fabricated citations: Fabricated, inaccurate, misleading, or unverifiable references are prohibited.
• Attribution and originality: Authors must cite original sources and must not use AI to conceal plagiarism or misrepresent originality.
• Copyright: Authors must comply with applicable copyright, licensing, attribution, and intellectual property requirements.

6. AI-Generated Images and Research Evidence

AI-generated or AI-modified images, figures, diagrams, tables, and other visual materials must be used transparently and in accordance with research integrity, copyright, and publication ethics requirements.

AI must not be used to fabricate or manipulate primary research data, documentary evidence, forensic evidence, court records, or other evidentiary materials in a manner that misrepresents their authenticity or evidentiary value.

7. Prohibited Uses of AI

IJCLS prohibits AI use that undermines research integrity, accountability, confidentiality, or the reliability of the scholarly record, including:

1. Listing AI as an author or co-author.
2. Fabricating or falsifying research data, results, citations, legislation, or judicial decisions.
3. Manipulating research results or evidentiary materials to misrepresent the underlying research.
4. Submitting substantive AI-generated or substantially AI-rewritten content without required disclosure.
5. Using AI to conceal plagiarism or facilitate academic misconduct.
6. Relying on unverified AI-generated information or legal authorities.
7. Uploading confidential or protected materials to unauthorized AI systems without adequate safeguards.
8. Replacing the independent scholarly judgment or professional responsibilities of authors, reviewers, or editors.
9. Misleading readers about research methods, results, or conclusions.
10. Violating applicable copyright, confidentiality, or research ethics requirements.

8. Confidentiality and Unpublished Materials

Authors, reviewers, and editors must protect unpublished manuscripts, research data, personal information, peer-review materials, and other protected content. Confidential materials must not be uploaded to public or unauthorized AI tools where confidentiality, data protection, intellectual property rights, or control over submitted information cannot be adequately guaranteed.

9. Use of AI by Peer Reviewers

Reviewers must maintain the confidentiality of manuscripts and peer-review materials and must not upload confidential manuscript content to public or unauthorized AI systems.

AI must not replace substantive evaluation, critical analysis, or independent scholarly judgment. Limited AI use for language improvement of a review report may be permitted where confidentiality is adequately protected and journal requirements are met. Reviewers remain responsible for their reports and must disclose such use when required.

10. Use of AI by Editors

Editors must protect submitted manuscripts, reviewer reports, correspondence, and confidential editorial materials. AI must not replace editorial judgment or serve as the sole basis for decisions concerning screening, peer review, acceptance, rejection, revision, or suspected misconduct. Editorial decisions remain the responsibility of the human editorial team.

11. Editorial Assessment and Consequences of Misuse

Failure to disclose substantive AI use, fabrication or falsification, misuse of confidential materials, or other violations may constitute a breach of publication ethics.

The Editorial Board may, depending on the evidence and seriousness of the matter:

• Request clarification or supporting documentation.
• Require correction, revision, or additional verification.
• Suspend the editorial process during assessment.
• Reject the submitted manuscript.
• Refer the matter to the authors' institution or another appropriate body.
• Issue a correction or retract a published article where necessary.
• Consider restrictions on future submissions where justified and consistent with applicable policies.

Actions will be determined based on available evidence, the nature of the violation, applicable procedures, and the authors' opportunity to respond.

12. Responsibilities of Authors

By submitting a manuscript to IJCLS, authors confirm that they have read and complied with this policy. Authors must ensure that:

• AI use is appropriate for the research or writing task.
• Required disclosures are complete, accurate, and appropriately placed.
• AI-assisted content is critically reviewed and independently verified.
• Sources, citations, legal authorities, data, analyses, and visual materials are accurate and properly attributed.
• Confidentiality, copyright, intellectual property, and research ethics requirements are respected.
• The manuscript reflects the authors' own scholarly responsibility, judgment, and intellectual contribution.

13. Policy Review and Application

This policy applies to authors, peer reviewers, editors, and other relevant participants in the publication process of the Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies (IJCLS). The journal may periodically review and update this policy to reflect developments in AI technology, research practices, copyright and data protection requirements, and scholarly publishing ethics.

References and Further Guidance

For additional guidance on responsible AI use in scholarly publishing, authors and editors may consult the relevant official policies and guidance issued by:

• Elsevier — Generative AI Policies for Journals
• Springer Nature — AI Guidance for Researchers and Communities
• Nature Portfolio — Artificial Intelligence Policy
• Wiley — AI Guidelines for Articles
• Taylor & Francis — AI Policy
• SAGE — Artificial Intelligence Policy
• Cambridge University Press — Authorship and Contributorship for Journals
• PLOS — Ethical Publishing Practice
• BMJ — AI Use Policy
• IEEE — Submission and Peer Review Policies
• Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) — Guidance on Authorship and AI Tools

IJCLS Commitment
This policy promotes transparency, accountability, and responsible AI use while protecting the integrity of scholarly publishing.