Digital Evidence Management in the Criminal Justice System: Towards a Fair and Technology-Responsive Legal Framework
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15294/ijcls.v11i1.47067Keywords:
Digital Evidence, Criminal Procedure Law, Legal Framework, Procedural Justice, Validity of EvidenceAbstract
The increasing reliance on digital evidence in criminal justice proceedings poses new challenges for legal systems that were traditionally built to deal with physical and conventional evidence. With the development of information technology, digital data such as electronic communications, digital traces, and cyber forensic artefacts have become an important part of criminal case evidence. This article presents a conceptual analysis of the urgency of fair and technology-responsive digital evidence management in the criminal justice system. Through a literature review of legal theory, international practices, and national regulations, this paper identifies significant legal gaps, particularly in data authenticity, the chain of evidence, the validity of evidence, and the protection of privacy rights. In its novelty, this article proposes a five-pillar model for the governance of digital evidence, encompassing the principles of legality, evidence integrity, procedural justice, legal digital literacy, and institutional accountability, as an integrated framework to strengthen the management of digital evidence in Indonesia. This model provides a systematic approach that not only focuses on the technical aspects of digital forensics but also integrates legal normative standards, institutional capacity building, and the protection of fundamental rights within the criminal justice process. The scientific contribution of this research lies in its effort to bridge the conceptual gap between the principle of procedural justice and digital forensic practices within the criminal justice system, thereby supporting the realization of a legal framework that is responsive, transparent, adaptable to technological advancements, and oriented toward the protection of human rights. Ultimately, this article calls for a legal framework that not only accommodates the characteristics of digital evidence but also protects defendants' fundamental rights in criminal proceedings.
References
Abraha, Halefom H. “Law Enforcement Access to Electronic Evidence across Borders: Mapping Policy Approaches and Emerging Reform Initiatives.” International Journal of Law and Information Technology 29, no. 2 (2021): 118–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaab001.
Adlina, Nisa Amalina. “Analisis Nilai Keadilan pada Syarat Penahanan Tersangka dalam Penyidikan (Perbandingan KUHAP 1981 dan KUHAP 2025).” Al ’Adl: Jurnal Hukum 18, no. 1 (2026): 108–27. https://dx.doi.org/10.31602/al-adl.v18i1.19049.
Akbar, Rafly Maulana Akbar, and Hudi Yusuf. “Problematika Pembuktian Alat Bukti Digital Dalam Hukum Acara Pidana Di Indonesia: Analisis Teori Pembuktian Dan Praktik Peradilan.” Jurnal Intelek Dan Cendikiawan Nusantara 2, no. 5 (2025): 9445–53.
Alanazi, Fahad, and Andrew Jones. “The Value of Metadata in Digital Forensics.” 2015 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference, September 2015, 182–182. https://doi.org/10.1109/EISIC.2015.26.
Alsmirat, Mohammad A., Ruba A. Al Hussien, N. A. Wala’, A. T. Al Sarayrah, Yaser Jararweh, and Morad Etier. “Digital Video Forensics: A Comprehensive Survey.” International Journal of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms 15, no. 4 (2020): 437. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJAIP.2020.106040.
Army, H. Eddy. Bukti Elektronik Dalam Praktik Peradilan. Sinar Grafika, 2020.
Arshad, Humaira, Aman Bin Jantan, and Oludare Isaac Abiodun. “Digital Forensics: Review of Issues in Scientific Validation of Digital Evidence.” Journal of Information Processing Systems 14, no. 2 (2018): 346–76. https://doi.org/10.3745/JIPS.03.0095.
Bagaskara, Riziqi Abista, and Catur Suratnoaji. “Representasi Kepemimpinan Transformasional Anies Baswedan Sebagai Calon Presiden 2024 Di Media Sosial Instagram @aniesbaswedan (Studi Analisis Semiotika Roland Barthes Kepemimpinan Transformasional Anies Baswedan Sebagai Calon Presiden 2024 Di Media Sosial Instagram @aniesbaswedan).” JIIP - Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan 7, no. 10 (2024): 11785–92. https://doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v7i10.6132.
Bani, Ismail Aghababaei, and Jabr Khalaf Issa Al-Maliki. “The Effects of Criminal Evidence Obtained Illegally.” Journal of Asian Multicultural Research for Social Sciences Study 4, no. 1 (2023): 63–72. https://doi.org/10.47616/jamrsss.v4i1.371.
Berger, Pascal. “Proportionality, Evidence and the COVID-19-Jurisprudence in Germany.” European Journal for Security Research 7, no. 2 (2022): 211–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41125-022-00087-7.
Bianchi De Oliveira, Diego, and Rogério Mollica. “A Função Do Amicus Curiae Como Mecanismo De Acesso À Justiça Nas Demandas Judiciais Envolvendo Novas Tecnologias.” Revista Eletrônica de Direito Processual 25, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.12957/redp.2024.81888.
Brems, Eva, and Laurens Lavrysen. “Procedural Justice in Human Rights Adjudication: The European Court of Human Rights.” Human Rights Quarterly 35, no. 1 (2013): 176–200. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2013.0000.
Budiyanto. Pengantar Cybercrime Dalam Sistem Hukum Pidana Di Indonesia. Sada Kurnia Pustaka, 2025.
Casey, Eoghan. “Reconstructing Digital Evidence.” In Crime Reconstruction. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386460-4.00017-5.
Chaikin, David. “Network Investigations of Cyber Attacks: The Limits of Digital Evidence.” Crime, Law and Social Change 46, nos. 4–5 (2006): 239–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-007-9058-4.
Chopade, Mrunali, Sana Khan, Uzma Shaikh, and Renuka Pawar. “Digital Forensics: Maintaining Chain of Custody Using Blockchain.” 2019 Third International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC), December 2019, 744–47. https://doi.org/10.1109/I-SMAC47947.2019.9032693.
Colaiocco, Andrea. “The Relevance of Best Practices in the Acquisition of Digital Evidence in Light of the News on Judiciary Cooperation.” Archivio Penale 71, no. 1 (2019).
Coliandris, Geoff. “Book Review: Zander on PACE: The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, 6th Edition.” The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 87, no. 2 (2014): 139–41. https://doi.org/10.1350/pojo.2014.87.2.671.
Czarnecka, Agota. “New Questions, Old Problems. Philosophy of Law and Contemporary Challenges.” Prawo i Wiez 2019, no. 29 (2019): 57–69.
Dalimunthe, Aidil Putra. “Legality Of The Practice Of Wiretapping Methods Against Perpetrators Of Criminal Acts Of Corruption In The Provisions Of The Law On Criminal Acts Of Corruption.” Al-Qanun: Jurnal Kajian Sosial Dan Hukum Islam 5, no. 2 (2024): 80. https://doi.org/10.58836/al-qanun.v5i2.21762.
Danna, Sasha K. “V. The Impact of Electronic Discovery on Privilege and the Applicability of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act.” Law Review 38, no. 4 (2005). https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol38/iss4/5/.
Deği̇Rmenci̇, Olgun. “The Concept of Hash Value and the Collision of Hash Value As the Way to Provide Unassailability of Digital Evidence.” Adalet Dergisi, no. 69 (December 2022): 45–62. https://doi.org/10.57083/adaletdergisi.1217741.
Dehling, Florian, Tobias Mengel, and Luigi Lo Iacono. “Rotten Cellar: Security and Privacy of the Browser Cache Revisited.” In Secure IT Systems, vol. 11875, edited by Aslan Askarov, René Rydhof Hansen, and Willard Rafnsson. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35055-0_2.
Dewanto, Hendro, and Setya Wahyudi. “Defamation Through Social Media as a Cyber Crime.” KnE Social Sciences, ahead of print, February 24, 2023. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i3.12854.
Divaresky, Randiha, and Hudi Yusuf. “Efektivitas Penggunaan Bukti Elektronik Dalam Pembuktian Perkara Pidana Di Pengadilan Negeri.” Jurnal Intelek Dan Cendikiawan Nusantara 2, no. 5 (2025): 9555–68.
Dwitarani, Dealita. “Kesesuaian Pembuktian Penuntut Umum dalam Tindak Pidana Penyertaan Disertai Kelalaian yang Menyebabkan Kematian dengan Pasal 184 Ayat (1) KUHAP (Studi Putusan No. 19/Pid.B/2021/Pn.Trk).” Verstek 10, no. 2 (2022): 336–43. https://doi.org/10.20961/jv.v10i2.67638.
Evan, Gladys Lydia, and Moody Syailendra. “Keabsahan Tanda Tangan Elektronik Melalui Platform DocuSign Ditinjau dari Hukum Positif di Indonesia.” UNES Law Review 6, no. 2 (2023): 6512–20. https://doi.org/10.31933/unesrev.v6i2.1513.
Forgó, Nikolaus, Christian Hawellek, Friederike Knoke, and Jonathan Stoklas. “The Collection of Electronic Evidence in Germany: A Spotlight on Recent Legal Developments and Court Rulings.” In New Technology, Big Data and the Law, edited by Marcelo Corrales, Mark Fenwick, and Nikolaus Forgó. Perspectives in Law, Business and Innovation. Springer Singapore, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5038-1_10.
Gradinaru, Sandra. “Compliance with the Principle of Equality of Arms with Regard to the Expertise and Findings Made during the Prosecution.” Juridica 19, no. 3 (2023): 69–78.
Hamzani, Achmad Irwan, Tiyas Vika Widyastuti, Nur Khasanah, and Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli. “Implementation Approach in Legal Research.” International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (2024): 380. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v13.i2.pp380-388.
Han, Jaehyeok, Mee Lan Han, Sangjin Lee, and Jungheum Park. “ECo-Bag: An Elastic Container Based on Merkle Tree as a Universal Digital Evidence Bag.” Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation 49 (June 2024): 301725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsidi.2024.301725.
Hanafi, Jefrul. “Interplanetary File System pada Digital Evidence Cabinet Berbasis Hyperledger Fabric untuk Manajemen Bukti Digital.” Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2022. https://dspace.uii.ac.id/handle/123456789/38846.
Hardiago, David, Rani Fadhila Syafrinaldi, Syafrinaldi Syafrinaldi, M. Musa, and Kim Hyeonsoo. “Law and Digitalization: Cryptocurrency as Challenges Towards Indonesia’s Criminal Law.” IJCLS (Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies) 10, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.15294/ijcls.v10i1.22557.
Hasanudin, Hasanudin, Soerya Respationo, Erniyanti Erniyanti, Bachtiar Simatupang, and Ramon Nofrial. “Juridical Analysis of the Use of Information/Electronic Documents as Evidence in Criminal Law Enforcement (Case Study Decision Number: 192/Pid.B/2023/PN Btm).” AURELIA: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia 3, no. 1 (2024): 118–27. https://doi.org/10.57235/aurelia.v3i1.1387.
Hayer, Bienvenido G. B., Ni Kadek Lely Kamani, Naily Aridah, et al. “Pembuktian Pidana Terkait Penipuan Penjualan Produk Impor.” Indonesian Journal of Law and Justice 2, no. 1 (2024): 15. https://doi.org/10.47134/ijlj.v2i1.3226.
Hsu, Chien-Lung, Wei-Qian Lin, and Sheng-Hsin Tso. “Secure Handwritten Protocol for Protecting Integrity of Digital Evidences.” 2024 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ISPACS), December 10, 2024, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPACS62486.2024.10869225.
Humam Makmun, Muhammad. “Transformasi Sistem Pembuktian di Pengadilan: Antara Tradisi dan Modernisasi Digital.” YUDHISTIRA : Jurnal Yurisprudensi, Hukum dan Peradilan 1, no. 2 (2023): 36–43. https://doi.org/10.59966/yudhistira.v1i2.1694.
Ilyas, Adam. “Praktik Penerapan Exclusionary Rules di Indonesia.” Masalah-Masalah Hukum 50, no. 1 (2021): 49–59. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.50.1.2021.49-59.
Indrawan, Krisna, and M. Ruhly Kesuma Dinata. “Analisis Yuridis Tindak Pidana Perjudian Online di Indonesia dalam Putusan Nomor 244/Pid.B/2024/PN Kbu.” Arus Jurnal Sosial Dan Humaniora 5, no. 1 (2025): 683–87. https://doi.org/10.57250/ajsh.v5i1.1108.
Jannati, and Ruhly Kesuma Dinata. “Pengaruh Teknologi Terhadap Perkembangan Hukum di Indonesia.” Arus Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora 5, no. 1 (2025): 630–35. https://doi.org/10.57250/ajsh.v5i1.1093.
Johnson, James, Jeremy Daily, and Andrew Kongs. “On the Digital Forensics of Heavy Truck Electronic Control Modules.” SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles 7, no. 1 (2014): 72–88. https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-0495.
Jokubauskas, Remigijus, and Marek Świerczyński. “Is Revision of the Council of Europe Guidelines on Electronic Evidence Already Needed?” Utrecht Law Review 16, no. 1 (2020): 13–20. https://doi.org/10.36633/ulr.525.
Kadir, Zul Khaidir. “Meruntuhkan Pilar Keadilan: Apakah Sistem Peradilan Dapat Berfungsi Tanpa Standar Pembuktian?” Mandub : Jurnal Politik, Sosial, Hukum Dan Humaniora 3, no. 2 (2025): 40–61. https://doi.org/10.59059/mandub.v3i2.2351.
Kerr, Orin. The Digital Fourth Amendment: Privacy and Policing in Our Online World. 1st ed. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780190627102.001.0001.
Lasaka, Mustalim. “Ius Constituendum of Electronic Evidence Arrangement in Criminal Procedure Law.” Jurnal Legalitas 16, no. 2 (2023): 154–66. https://doi.org/10.33756/jelta.v16i2.20306.
Latifah, Marfuatul. “Perlukah Mengatur Prinsip Exclusionary Rules of Evidence Dalam RUU Hukum Acara Pidana? (Should We Regulate Exclusionary Rule Principle in the Criminal Procedural Bill?).” Negara Hukum: Membangun Hukum Untuk Keadilan Dan Kesejahteraan 12, no. 1 (2021): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22212/jnh.v12i1.2123.
Lee, Joon-Taik, Hyoung Kee Choi, and Kwang-Jong Kim. “Gathering and Storage Technique Implementation of Volatility Memory Data for Real-Forensic.” 2009 Fourth International Conference on Computer Sciences and Convergence Information Technology, 2009, 1076–79. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCIT.2009.234.
Lv, Yan Li, Yuan Long Li, Shuang Xiang, and Chun He Xia. “The Research and Realization of a Kind of Log Management-Oriented Descriptive Language to Describe the Security of Computer Network.” Applied Mechanics and Materials 556–562 (May 2014): 5765–70. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.556-562.5765.
Maxwell, Virginia M. “Digital Evidence.” In Investigating Animal Abuse Crime Scenes, 1st ed., by Virginia M. Maxwell and Martha Smith-Blackmore. CRC Press, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003090762-15.
Miller, Christa M. “A Survey of Prosecutors and Investigators Using Digital Evidence: A Starting Point.” Forensic Science International: Synergy 6 (2023): 100296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100296.
Mualfah, Desti, and Rizdqi Akbar Ramadhan. “Analisis Forensik Metadata Kamera CCTV Sebagai Alat Bukti Digital.” Digital Zone: Jurnal Teknologi Informasi Dan Komunikasi 11, no. 2 (2020): 257–67. https://doi.org/10.31849/digitalzone.v11i2.5174.
Muhammad Alvian Yudistira Chandra Chaerudin, Ali Maskur, and Arina Hukmu Adila. “Prinsip Keadilan Prosedural Sebagai Landasan Pertimbangan Hakim Dalam Kasus Pencurian Ayam.” JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW 8, no. 1 (2025): 509–29. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v8i1.11770.
Muni, Abdul. Kriptografi Untuk Keamanan Sistem Informasi. Penerbit KBM Indonesia, 2024.
Mylonas, Alexios, Vasilis Meletiadis, Lilian Mitrou, and Dimitris Gritzalis. “Smartphone Sensor Data as Digital Evidence.” Computers & Security 38 (October 2013): 51–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2013.03.007.
Nguyen, Dr. Chat Le, and Dr. Wilfred Golman. “Diffusion of the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime and the Development of Cybercrime Legislation in Pacific Island Countries: ‘Law on the Books’ vs ‘Law in Action.’” Computer Law & Security Review 40 (April 2021): 105521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2020.105521.
Pakarti, Moch Bagoes. “Manajemen Pengelolaan Bukti Digital Untuk Meningkatkan Aksesibilitas Laboratorium Forensika Digital.” Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2020. https://dspace.uii.ac.id/handle/123456789/28258.
Paluttri, Sukri. “Comparative Approach in Public Health Social Security: A Legal Case Study of the Indonesian, France, and Singapore Health Systems.” International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 17, no. 5 (2024): 572–87. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHRH-03-2023-0020.
Pandit, Kanika, and Renu Mahajan. “Cloud and AI Fusion: Revolutionizing Electronic Evidence Admissibility in the Digital Age.” 2024 16th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), June 27, 2024, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ECAI61503.2024.10607551.
Pollitt, Mark. “The Key to Forensic Success: Examination Planning Is a Key Determinant of Efficient and Effective Digital Forensics.” In Digital Forensics. Elsevier, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804526-8.00002-2.
Rakanadi, Bhujangga Gede Mahesa. “Legalitas Penyadapan Sebagai Alat Bukti Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Indonesia.” Jurnal Media Akademik 4, no. 4 (2026): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.62281/c0nzga51.
Rangkuti, Fauzi Maulana, Nurcahyo Budi Nugroho, and Zaimah Panjaitan. “Implementasi Digital Signature Pada E-Invoice Di Uniqa Digital Invitation Menggunakan Algoritma SHA-256 (Secure Hash Algorithm-256) Dan RSA (Rivest Shamir Adleman).” Jurnal Cyber Tech 2, no. 7 (2019): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.53513/jct.v2i7.2841.
Rani, Rajneesh, Akshay Kumar, and Amrita Rai. “A Brief Review on Existing Techniques for Detecting Digital Image Forgery.” 2021 Sixth International Conference on Image Information Processing (ICIIP), November 26, 2021, 533–38. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIIP53038.2021.9702688.
Rasiwan, Iwan. Pengantar Hukum Forensik Indonesia. Takaza Innovatix Labs, 2025.
Ratnasari, Devi. “Membangun Model Informasi Metadata Untuk Mendukung Chain of Custody Bukti Digital.” Thesis, Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2018. https://dspace.uii.ac.id/handle/123456789/7590.
Rohman, Rohman, Muliadi Muliadi, Farhan Pratama, et al. “Sistem Pembuktian dalam Hukum Pidana Indonesia dan Tantangan dalam Proses Peradilan.” Jimmi: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Multidisiplin 1, no. 3 (2024): 279–92. https://doi.org/10.71153/jimmi.v1i3.146.
Rohmy, Atikah Mardhiya, Teguh Suratman, and Arini Indah Nihayaty. “UU ITE Dalam Perspektif Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi Dan Komunikasi.” Dakwatuna: Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi Islam 7, no. 2 (2021): 309. https://doi.org/10.54471/dakwatuna.v7i2.1202.
Rovida, Khofidhotur, and Sasmini Sasmini. “Evaluasi Sistem Hukum Indonesia dalam Menangani Cyberbullying Berbasis Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi.” DIVERSI : Jurnal Hukum 10, no. 1 (2024): 169. https://doi.org/10.32503/diversi.v10i1.5223.
Rudiyanto, Tri, Halley Kunda, Amy Dunn, Sharon Shenderovskiy, and Rondarrius Gibson. “Ethical and Legal Concerns of Artificial Intelligence in the Workplace: Examining Current Legislations in the United States.” Lex Publica 10, no. 1 (2023): 84–100. https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.10.1.2023.84-100.
Rum, Gresia Wulaning. “Penggunaan Alat Bukti Elektronik dalam Proses Peradilan Perdata.” Jurnal Multidisiplin Ilmu Akademik (JMIA) 2, no. 1 (2025): 61–68. https://doi.org/10.61722/jmia.v2i1.3151.
S, Ezhilmathi, and Selvakumara Samy S. “Identifying Illicit Transactions in Bitcoin Tumbler Services Using Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms.” 2023 12th International Conference on Advanced Computing (ICoAC), August 17, 2023, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICoAC59537.2023.10249782.
Saputra, Dadang Herli, and Fardana Kusuma. “Blockchain Forensics and the Evidentiary Challenges of Crypto-Based Corruption in Developing Countries.” IJCLS (Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies) 10, no. 2 (2025). https://doi.org/10.15294/ijcls.v10i2.28795.
Saputra, Rio, Lufsiana, and Dharma Setiawan Negara. Reformasi Hukum Acara Pidana: Menyongsong KUHAP Baru. Langgam Pustaka, 2025.
Sardo, Alessio, and Allegra Grillo. “Mapping Legal Consciousness in Comparative Law: An Essay on Methodology.” In Legal Consciousness, vol. 142, edited by Jakob V. H. Holtermann, Mario Krešić, and Marko Novak. Law and Philosophy Library. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-87962-3_6.
Setiawan, Iwan, Ibnu Rusydi, Anisa Rahmawati, and Siti Hasanah. “Jejak Digital Sebagai Alat Bukti Petunjuk Menurut Pasal 184 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana.” Jurnal Ilmiah Galuh Justisi 10, no. 1 (2022): 119–32. https://doi.org/10.25157/justisi.v10i1.7236.
Seubert, Sandra, and Carlos Becker. “The Democratic Impact of Strengthening European Fundamental Rights in the Digital Age: The Example of Privacy Protection.” German Law Journal 22, no. 1 (2021): 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.101.
Shilling, C. G. “Electronic Discovery: Litigation Crashes into the Digital Age.” The Labor Lawyer 22, no. 2 (2006): 207–32.
Sinani, Blerton, and Mehmeti Sami. “The Importance of Comparative Law for the Development of Contemporary Law.” Juridical Tribune - Review of Comparative and International Law 15, no. 1 (2025): 5–23. https://doi.org/10.62768/TBJ/2025/15/1/01.
Sirjon, Lade, La Ode Muhamad Sulihin, and Yan Fathahillah Purnama. “Perbandingan Mekanisme Pengakuan Bersalah pada Jalur Khusus dalam RUU KUHAP dan Konsep Plea Bargaining Ditinjau dari Asas Non-Self Incrimination.” Halu Oleo Law Review 7, no. 2 (2023): 224–35. https://doi.org/10.33561/holrev.v7i2.29.
Siswanto, Carissa Amanda, Septhian Eka Adiyatma, Uche Nnawulezi, and Jacques Kabano. “Legal Recognition of Electronic Notarial Acts: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Rwanda.” Indonesia Private Law Review 6, no. 2 (2026). https://doi.org/10.25041/iplr.v6i2.4686.
Suarda, I. Gede Widhiana, Evan Hamman, Bayu Dwi Anggono, Fendi Setyawan, Moch. Marsa Taufiqurohman, and Zaki Priambudi. “Illicit Cigarette Trade in Indonesia: Trends and Analysis from the Recent Judgments.” Sriwijaya Law Review, January 31, 2024, 38–59. https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol8.Iss1.2726.pp38-59.
Sugi Hartono, Made, and Ni Putu Rai Yuliartini. “Penggunaan Bukti Elektronik dalam Peradilan Pidana.” Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH) 6, no. 1 (2020): 281. https://doi.org/10.23887/jkh.v6i1.23607.
Tri Cahyono, Soetardi, Wina Erni, and Taufik Hidayat. “Rekonstruksi Hukum Pidana Terhadap Kejahatan Siber (Cyber Crime) dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Indonesia.” Dame Journal of Law 1, no. 1 (2025): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.64344/djl.v1i1.6.
Trisnawati, Trisnawati, and Shofia Hanifah. “Perkembangan Alat Bukti Elektronik Hasil Peretasan (Hacker) Sebagai Alat Bukti dalam Tindak Pidana.” Multidisciplinary Indonesian Center Journal (MICJO) 1, no. 3 (2024): 1344–49. https://doi.org/10.62567/micjo.v1i3.162.
Tudorica, Melania, and Jeanne Mifsud Bonnici. “Legal Framework for Digital Evidence Following the Implementation of the EIO Directive: Status Quo, Challenges and Experiences in Member States.” In European Investigation Order, vol. 55, edited by Maria Angela Biasiotti and Fabrizio Turchi. Law, Governance and Technology Series. Springer International Publishing, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31686-9_9.
Tyler, Tom R. “The Legitimacy of Legal Institutions.” In Research Handbook on Law and Psychology, edited by Rebecca Hollander-Blumoff. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2024. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800881921.00011.
Ulum, Hafizatul, and M. Dewa Ginting Singaulung. “Implementasi Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 2022 Tentang Administrasi Perkara dan Persidangan di Pengadilan Secara Elektronik: Studi Kasus di Pengadilan Negeri Praya.” JISHUM : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora 2, no. 1 (2023): 75–88. https://doi.org/10.57248/jishum.v2i1.280.
Vázquez-Pérez, Juan, and Angélica González-Arrieta. “Implementation of Blockchain in the Digital Chain of Custody to Enhance Digital Data Assurance.” In Blockchain and Applications, 6th International Congress, vol. 1256, edited by Javier Prieto, Rafael Pastor Vargas, Oscar Lage, José Manuel Machado, and Molnár Bálint. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-81928-5_39.
Weber, Ina, Heidi Vandebosch, Karolien Poels, and Sara Pabian. “Features for Hate? Using the Delphi Method to Explore Digital Determinants for Online Hate Perpetration and Possibilities for Intervention.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 26, no. 7 (2023): 479–88. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2022.0195.
Wilson-Kovacs, Dana. “Digital Media Investigators: Challenges and Opportunities in the Use of Digital Forensics in Police Investigations in England and Wales.” Policing: An International Journal 44, no. 4 (2021): 669–82. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-02-2021-0019.
Zlati, George. “Romanian Jurisprudence on Cybercrime: Focus on Illegal Access to an Information System.” ERA Forum 25, no. 3 (2024): 425–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-024-00810-y.
Downloads
Published
Article ID
47067Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ismail Marzuki, I Gede Widhiana Suarda, Fendi Setyawan, Reece Walters (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
