The Implementation Analysis of Total Quality Management in Clothing Sewing Training

Articles Info ________________ History Articles: Received 15 September 2018 Approved 10 December 2018 Published February 2019 ________________


INTRODUCTION
Related to the launching of MEA (Masyarakat Ekonomi Asia) and the declaration of MEA establishment in 2015 that actualizes ASEAN economic integration, ASEAN successfully becomes a safe region with a higher level and integrated dynamics development, reduce poverty, and raise economic growth to achieve equitable and sustainable prosperity.So, the establisment of MEA gives impact to free markets in the capital sector, goods and services and skilled labor fulfillment to support the free flow of skilled labor in ASEAN countries.From manpower aspect, there is a huge opportunity for job seekers since there are many jobs available with various needs for diverse expertise.Viewed from education aspect and productivity, Indonesian labors are still unable to compete with labors from other countries.Given the education quality of labors in Indonesia is still relatively low based on data taken from national geographic.co.id, it said "the quality of education of labors are still low, where in February 2014 the number of workers with junior high school education or below was recorded at 76.4 million people or around 64 percent of 118 million workers in total in Indonesia ".This phenomenon opens up opportunities for non-formal education to participate in developing society through training programs to realize a skilled, productive and quality labors by implementating Total Quality Management in every training program.
Training is a short-term education process (activity) using systematic and organized procedures in which people, except the manager, learn knowledge and skills to achieve certain goals.It is a learning effort managed by organizations (government agencies, non-governmental organizations, companies, etc.) to meet needs or to achieve goals of organization (Andrew E Sikula to Sudjana, 2007).A training is considered successful if it can bring the reality or performance of human resources involved in the organization at this time to the reality or performance of human resources that should be there to desire which is organized by the training organization.In other words, training is an educational activity to bring the current state of trainees behavior to the better behavior as desired by the organization.The main pressure of training is the role of individuals work.The main intervention in training is planned learning for the individuals.The training is directed to improve to which extent the individuals play a role based on their needs to know or show their work ability.
Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Kudus is nonformal institution under Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah which organizes various types of training programs.In accordance with the Constitution No. 13 Year 2003 about manpower, it stated "job training is organized and directed to equip, improve and develop competencies to improve the ability, productivity and prosperity of workers and their families".Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Kudus pays attention to the needs of the work market and the business world which refers to the standards of work competency.
Education in the 21st century applies Total Quality Management in each aspect of education system to improve internal and external quality to overcome education problems and lead to future education (Wiedmer, 2008).The transformation steps to be a quality school begin by adopting the dedication of the quality of school boards, administrative staff, staff, students, teachers and the community (Arcaro, 2007).The program of involvement of education managers through the implementation of Total Quality Management can improve the quality of education by referring to the formulation of vision, mission, and academic problems that occur in the world of education (Ngwenya, 2014).The implementation and adoption of the Total Quality Management principle in learning and teaching through measurable steps is a manifestation of the development of Total Quality Management (Al-Shafei, 2015).In addition, the application of the 13 principles of implementing Total Quality Management in the world of education through the Delphi technique can improve the quality of education (Mehta, 2014).Total Quality Management is implemented in distance education programs and education systems with direct contact to improve the quality of education and program development, and support the role of work, institutions, and as a tool to implement and regulate institutional quality assurance (Aluko, 2011).
The practice and implementation of Total Quality Management to improve teaching can be carried out through evaluation steps that refer to the principle of Total Quality Management (Bass, 2010).This can also be applied in the implementation of training programs carried out at Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Kudus as a from of a quality improvement of the training.By implementating Total Quality Management in training programs, it is expected to be a qualified training, so it can result labors with global competitive and achieve a quality service dimension for customers satisfaction.Total Quality Management is a concept referring to quality that is used to satisfy the customers.In the context of training, a training is considered as a quality training if the internal and external customers satisfy with the services provided in order to guarantee the management that can produce quality, skilled and highly competitive outputs.According to Sallis (2010) stated "Integrated Quality Management in the world of education is educational institutions put themselves as service institutions or become service industries, namely institutions that provide services in accordance with what is desired by customers".
So, it is needed a quality services and can give satisfaction.In order to realize quality services, it needs a management system that can empower educational institutions to be more quality.Integrated Quality Management is systematically oriented to the organization, by developing through combination and creating significant improvements in quality, management productivity, and problem solving, in order to create significant improvements in quality, productivity, and other performance of the organization (Gaspersz, 2000).The implementation of Total Quality Management in the education sector is expected to fill the gaps that occur by applying the principle of Total Quality Management according to the context and conditions of the school (Rampa, 2010).
The approach and practice of Total Quality Management in the world of education is in line with the practice and review of the application of Total Quality Management in the world of industry and health (Cruickshank, 2003).Implementation of Total Quality Management in the world of education includes the problem solving process that occurs to improve the quality standards and quality of educational outcomes (Schargel, 2010).The concept and principle of measurement of Total Quality Management to improve the quality of education, the quality of management of institutions, and towards better management of institutions (Kanji, 1999).Implementation of Total Quality Management can include improving the quality of governance, administration, finance, curriculum, technology use, distance learning, and leadership (Koch, 1998) Based on the description, the implementation of training programs at Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Kudus is a step to improve knowledge, skills and attitudes of trainees, so that a skilled and globally competitive labors can be realized to face the competition of Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN and also to apply the concept of education for all to improve the training programs.
The implementation of total quality management through the application of total quality management models and quality service dimensions to ensure customer satisfaction in training is expected to be able to create skilled labors to fulfill and support the free flow of skilled labor traffic in ASEAN countries.This condition is very interesting to be observed, given an institution or education institution must be quality and competitive to achieve the customers' satisfaction on its quality service dimension.The application of the Total Quality Management principle through the quality of service and customer service in the field of education to show a realistic improvement will require time, commitment and substantial investment by top management (Mehta, 2014).

METHODS
The format of qualitative research design consists of three models are descriptive format, verification format, and grounded research format (Bungin B, 2001).This research used descriptive qualitative approach with research focus: 1) implementation of Total Quality Management models in traning, 2) quality service dimension as a form of customers' satisfaction is well achieved at Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Kudus.
The main data source in qualitative research is word, actions, the rest are additional data such as documents and other.(Moleong, 1999).Research data sources were directy involved to the research subjects, namely information from 1) Head of UPT Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Kudus, 2) Training sewing instructor, 3) Training sewing participants, 4) A third party or company that cooperates with the training program.
Data collection techniques used in this research were interview, observation, documentation and Focus Group Discussion.Data validity according to Maleong (1999) uses four criteria that are credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability.Data analysis techniques according to Miles and Huberman in Emzir (2012) proposed three steps or stages that must be done in analyzing qualitative research data, those are: (a) data reduction (b) data display, and (c) conclusion drawn/ verification.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The importance of Deming's contribution to improving the quality of education management and the application of 14 points of Deming theory through ideas and implementation for practical development in the world of education (Stensaasen, 2010).Total Quality Management in the pyramid and PDCA models (Plan -Do -Check -Act) and leadership models are easier to use and practically applied to improve leadership quality and Total Quality Management in the world of education (Dahlgaard, 2010).

Implementation of the Total Quality
Management model based on the Deming model which consists of four main components sequentially known as the PDCA (Plan -Do -Check -Act) cycle, Tjiptono & Diana (2002) stated that the deming cycle stages consist of: 1) Carry out consumer research and use it in product planning (plan).2) Produce products (do).3) Check whether the product has been produced according to the plan (check).4) Market the product (act).5) Analyze how the product is accepted in the market in terms of quality, cost, and other criteria (analyze).

Philip B. Crosby Model
Quality is a tool to achieve excellence and the main factors that determine the thought to products and services for consumers.According to Crosby, quality is seen as conformance to requirements.Quality is the overall characteristics of products and services that can satisfy the needs of consumers and in accordance with the requirements they desire.Quality management expert, Crosby introduced four important things in quality management.These four functions are as follows.
(1) Definition of quality.Quality is a conformance with needs.(2) Quality Achievement System.This system is a rational approach to prevent defects and errors.(3) Performance Standards.Performance standards of organization/institution that has a quality orientation are no errors.(4) Measurement.The performance measurement used is cost of quality.Crosby emphasizes quality costs such as expenses, inventory, inspection and testing.
Based on the results of the study, the definition of quality relates to the quality of graduates in accordance with the standards that have been set referring to Standar Kompetensi Kerja Nasional Indonesia (SKKNI).
The quality achievement system related to the quality produced is a form of cooperation between training programs, training participants, managers and training providers.Quality is related to the learning outcomes of clothing sewing training participants, the quality of the learning process, and the quality of training output.
Standard of performance without any error are related to quality commitment, quality measurement, awareness of the importance of quality improvement, as well as quality improvement efforts related to the implementation process of training and efforts to improve the quality of human resources involved in training programs at Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Kudus.
The performance measurement used is the quality cost.Crosby emphasizes quality costs such as expenses, inventory, inspection and testing.Related to the evaluation of the costs of quality improvement support, Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Kudus structurally does not have a team assigned with auditing the costs of supporting quality improvement.The study of quality improvement support cost is reviewed by the training organizer and the training program and evaluation division to be further coordinated with Head of Kepala Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Kudus.

Quality Planning
Quality planning, based on Juran theory, includes the identity of customer, the determination of customer needs and the development of results characteristics which are responses to customer needs, developing quality objectives, developing processes that can produce products/services that are in accordance with certain characteristics, and improve or enhance process capabilities.
Based In addition, quality planning is also a planning of a clothing sewing training program and also considering the results of the evaluation of the previous training program and input as well as suggestions based on the feedback sheet analysis of training participants and instructors.

Quality Control
Quality Control, according to Juran theory, consists of choosing basic control, choosing measurement types, arranging measurement, arranging standard of work, measuring the actual performance, interpreting differences among the actual data and taking action of those differences.
Based on the research results, Quality control is implemented through monitoring program in every training implementation that is 3-4 times directly to the target, cooperation with choosen LPK which was carried out in accordance with the procedur, namely by considering the location, places, supporting facilities and being ready to execute the task.Quality control was also implemented so that the clothing sewing training could be done in accordance the planning program, namely discipline and be on time in implementing the training in accordance with the time allotment and schedule, monitoring and communicating to all aspects involved in training.They were the instructors, toolman, Pendamping Wira Usaha during the training, the use of training methods that is appropiate, administration obedient, and evaluation in accordance with the procedures.

Quality Improvement
Quality improvement, based on Juran theory, covers raising needs to arrange the improvement, identifying special improvement projects, organizing projects to diagnosis errors, finding causes of errors and arranging improvements.Processes which have been fixed are on effectively operational condition and provide control to keep up the improvement or enhancement which has been achieved.
Based Reliability can be obtained through attitude and actions such as, on time service, guarantee of feeling safe with the product/service which is used or obtained and the product/service availability needed by customers.Reliability relates with honesty, safety, punctuality and availability as well as the ability to provide service which is promised soon or fast, accurate and satisfying for the customers.
Reliability can be implemented in clothing sewing training at Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Kudus through high interest of trainees, suitability of training materials with the needs of trainees, training schedule which is accurate and on time, service priority for trainees, monitor during the training, ways of delivering training material from instructors to trainees, availability of instructors based on trainees needs, management facilities by toolman and trust in cooperating with the thir party or company.
Assurance of a service quality can be made by the condition, for example; product/service providers are competent in their fields, objective in their service, and confident and convincing to perform themselves to the customers.Assurance implementation covers knowledge, competency, politeness, respect to the trainess, believable, having academics and competency qualification as an educator, healthy physically or spiritually, and having ability to realize national education objective.
Assurance can be implemented in clothing sewing training at Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Kudus through registration and information online service related to training for trainees, clarity and easiness of information service for trainees, main facility for trainees, service easiness, hospitality and politeness of administration staff, instructors, and monitoring division furing the training and service, ability and expertise of instructors appropriate with their fields as well as third party satisfaction in using service from clothing sewing training output.Tangibility also can be seen from the rooms comfort used in clothing sewing training, training location which is strategic and easy to reach, training place cleanness, easiness of using and availability facilities for trainees and instructors, tangibility of staff and instructor which is neat and polite as well.
Emphaty is a having feeling of what happened to the customers.The way to give empathy can be shown by giving full attention to the customers, serving friendly and satisfying, understanding the customers' desire, communicating correctly and well, and having attitude of sympathy.Empathy implementation in training can be in the form of easiness in having contact, good communincation, personal attention and understanding the needs of trainees.
Empathy can be implemented ini clothingsewing training at Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Kudus by giving full attention from instructors to the trainees, giving sympathy from instructors to the trainees, friendly service, satisfying, giving spirit to the trainees and giving service without looking at social status.
Responsivenees is an expression of fast response and attention to customers' complains.It can be done by giving fast response to customers' requests and be fast to pay attention to them and overcoming customers' complains.This can be in the form of willingness from staff to help trainees and give fast service.
Responsive can be implemented in clothing sewing training at Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Kudus through the availability of feedback sheets or evaluation sheetsfor trainees and instructors as suggestions for the next planning program, the ability of administration staff, toolman, PWU, instructors in handling problem in training process and easiness to accsess facilities service from Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Kudus.Customers' satisfaction in Total Quality can bee seen through the quality training service dimension which consists of five aspects of it.Those are Reliability, Assurance, Tangibility, Emphaty, dan Responsiveness.Those five aspects had been implemented well in the implementation of clothing sewing training at Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Kudus.

CONCLUSION
This LPK have a SK from Dinas Pendidikan to be an organizer of clothing sewing training.The implementation of clothing sewing training in Mobile Training Unit at Desa Jojo Kecamatan Mejobo Kudus was also implemented through the procedure of submitting training activity proposal, data verification dan the location.After fulfilling the requirements , the training implementation can be done in accordance with the clothing sewing training schedule.Quality Control was also implemented through training output through communicating the monitoring program activity of clothing sewing training which had been done either through formal and informal or incidental to know the extent of training can be done in accordance with the training program planning and to find the solution towards the problems faced.Quality control corcerned on training output quality is related to the implementation of learning evaluation of trainees referring to SKKNI and the needs of global market and industry.Training evaluation of clothing sewing was done as the procedures assessment; those are knowledge assessment, skills assessment through practice, and attitude assessment during the training by doing observation and record in the process of clothing sewing training.
Training that facilitates the implementation of training in areas far from the location of the Training Center Work of the Manpower, Industry, Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises Cooperatives of Kudus Regency and is the implementation of the Customer Focus concept in accordance with the principle of Total Quality Management.As well as measuring the dimensions of the quality of training services using references from participant feedback sheets, suggestion and complaint boxes and using training program alumni data.This is a form of implementation of the review design and total quality audit in accordance with the Check concept in the PDCA cycle component.Check -Act in every step of clothing sewing training program implementation.This is also appropiate with 14 points of Deming' philosophy: (1) Formulate and announce to all staff, goals and objectives of the institution/ organization/ school.(2) Learn and implement new philosophies, both by leaders and staff.(3) Understand the purpose of inspection, which is to improve the process and reduce the costs.(4) End the practice of activities that use awards based on numbers/ money only.(5) Constantly The implementation of Total Quality Management models in Clothing Sewing Training at Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Kudus was well conducted in accordance with Deming model, Crosby model, Juran model and the quality service dimension achieved the customers' satisfaction level as it is expected.Deming model was well implemented in Clothing Sewing Training at Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Kudus.It was implemented through training program planning, program evaluation and current local policies, inspection and monitoring, and improvement effort of training quality.Crosby model was implemented in Clothing Sewing Training at Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Kudus in accordance with quality concept based on quality standard formula and improvement effort of training quality.Juran model was implemented in Clothing Sewing Training at Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Perindustrian, Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Kudus completely and sequentially through quality planning, quality product, dan quality improvement to support a quality training and have national and international competitiveness.